Gender Differences In Autism Spectrum Disorder - 980 Words

HW: Meta-Analysis- Investigating the genetic and prognostic Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Introduction: While Autism Spectrum disorder (ASD) has been researched extensively, the role of gender in this disease is still poorly understood. With a 4:1 gender distribution in the diagnosis of ASD, many research studies have attempted to explain this difference (Fombonne,2009). Current research has theorized about various different etiologies for this gender discrepancy, such as a female protective effect (Jacquemont et al., 2014). The female protective effect suggests that females must demonstrate higher levels of genetic risk factors in order to reach clinically impaired functional status and therefore be diagnosed (Chawarska,†¦show more content†¦Females with ASD are significantly more vulnerable than their male counterparts to â€Å"delayed or missed diagnosis†, leaving them untreated and at significant risk for adverse psychosocial and medical outcomes (Lai, 2015). Second, understanding the etiology of the gender discrepancies in presentation of ASD will deepen our understanding of the disease from a nosological perspective and possibly lead to new and novel hypotheses about the conceptualization and treatment avenues of ASD. Specific Aims: To examine existing literature for genotypic and phenotypic differences between males and females diagnosed with ASD. While prior meta-analyses have examined the differences between males and females with ASD in the â€Å"core triad of impairments†, none have examined genetic variations as well as symptomatology (Van Wjingaarden-Cremers et al. 2014). As our nosological framework is limited in our understanding of gender’s effect on autism, examining both phenotypic and genotypic data such as neuroimaging (brain MRIs), and genetic analyses, could further our understanding. On examination of brain MRI, genetic mutation burden, and symptomatic impairments validated using various outc ome measures such as the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence - Second Edition, Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition and the Child Behavior Checklist, females withShow MoreRelatedIs Autism A Developmental Disorder? Essay1619 Words   |  7 PagesExploring Autism in Children Rutgers University Atypical Adolescence and Development Professor. Stevie McKenna November 2nd, 2016 Autism Abstract Autism is a developmental disorder in which an individual has problems with communication and interaction. Autism Spectrum Disorder was adopted as a categorization in 2013 and begins in childhood and follows throughout the course of a child’s life and is actually a collection of developmental brain disorders. There isRead MoreAutism And Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pagesthose who are influenced by that singular perspective. In specific, Autism which is referred to as Autistic Spectrum Disorder, is something that the public has heard before but they do not fully understand or are unaware about its true definition. â€Å"According to the Centers for Disease Control’s Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM), approximately 1 in 68 children have been identified with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)† (CDC, 2016). This increased prevalence is why it is importantRead MoreNVQ 3 Essay1585 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Under stand how to support individuals with autistic spectrum conditions. Understand the main characteristics of autistic spectrum conditions. 1.1 It is important to recognise that each person on the autistic spectrum has their own individual abilities, needs, strengths, gifts and interests because no two individuals are the same. People on the autistic spectrum have their own set of unique characteristics and vary from one to another in terms of their abilities. Some clients may have similarRead MoreThe Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ( Dsm ) Of Mental Disorders965 Words   |  4 PagesDiagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of Mental Disorders, fifth edition, defines a person with autism spectrum disorder as having persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction. This includes having deficits in social-emotional reciprocity, deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction, and deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships. Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder, which concludes that it consists of developmentalRead MoreCorrelation Between Traits Foun d On The Autistic Spectrum And Mathematical Ability1531 Words   |  7 PagesFound on the Autistic Spectrum and Mathematical Ability Abstract Using 158 psychology undergraduates and accessing their scores on the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) and correlating them with an original mathematics test to further research the idea of a link between mathematical ability and position on the Autistic Spectrum. The results of our test do not support the idea of a link between mathematical ability and individuals score on the AQ. Introduction Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a conditionRead MoreAutism And Childhood Of Autism Essay1382 Words   |  6 Pagesexplored of all youth psychiatric disorders, Autism continues to be a captivating condition. The conception and description of the disorder has evolved significantly over time leaving some philosophies once held with principle to later verify to be unproven. Scientists and clinicians have provided the highest influences to the understanding of the illness, however, history does illustrate countless teachings and initial interpretations of a possible genesis of autism to be uncertain. The socio-politicalRead MoreInside Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay1715 Words   |  7 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by a number of deficits in verbal and non-verbal communication, social interaction with others, and other behaviors. Usually diagnosed in early infancy, this disorder is the most impairing and severe of the neurodevelopm ental disorders. Before the publishing and release of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), Autism Spectrum disorder could be diagnosedRead MoreQuantitative Of Brief Quantitative Measures Of Play For Screening For Autism Spectrum Disorders1677 Words   |  7 PagesCunningham, M., Levenson, S., Wajsblat, L. (2010). Efficacy of brief quantitative measures of play for screening for autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(3), 325-333. doi: 10.1007/s/10803-009-0880-7 Purpose and General Rationale The purpose behind the article â€Å"Efficacy of Brief Quantitative Measures of Play for Screening for Autism Spectrum Disorders† by Rodman et al. (2010) was to use the measures from a study done by Yoder and Stone in 2006 and another study byRead MoreCross-Sequential Study Associated With Autism Spectrum Disorders1399 Words   |  6 Pages Methods Research Design This study was a cross-sequential study that used a between-subjects design. The independent variable in this study was defined as the possession of an older sibling who is either diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder or typically-developing. The dependent variable measured was the expressive and receptive language scores of each child. Participants A total of 30 participants were recruited in the fall of 2017, ranging from 14 months to 10 years of age. Approximately 60Read MoreVaccinations : A Science s Greatest Feats1400 Words   |  6 PagesA common argument that comes up during discussions of the current decline in immunization is that vaccination increases the risk of a child getting Autism. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Autism are generic terms for â€Å"a group of complex disorders of brain development† (Autism Speaks), it covers conditions such as Childhood Disintegrative Disorder and Asperger’s Syndrome (Healthy Canadian). Current epidemiological data estimates that the global prevalence of ASD’s to be in one in 160, and accounts

Complexities of International Business Transactions

Complexities of International Business Transactions The complexities of creating a contract between two parties (or among three or more parties) is nearly always complicated as each side negotiates for what it considers to be the best deal that it can get while not at the same time provoking the other party to back out of the deal. This task is made even harder because it is almost never the case that the different parties to a potential contract rarely have the same valuation of the services or products in play because the sides have fundamentally different underlying values and economic restrictions. This last condition especially, but in fact all of the conditions that surround the creation of and agreement upon a contract are infinitely more difficult to negotiate once cultural differences and economic and political friction enter the mix. This paper examines a particular corner of international trade: The difference between formal and relational contracting with Asian trading pa rtners along with some of the ancillary issues such as transactional cost analysis as performed by Williamson (1981). This paper focuses on the ways in which formal contracting processes are often far less important than relational ones, even in cases where it might be predicted that formal contracts would work out to the betterment of all sides. What assumptions about the value of formal contracts tend to leave out, however, is the ways in which cultural norms and expectations createShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of International Banking1192 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Banking in today’s era is in process of upgrading itself by joining the wave of latest technologies and trends. Currently, it is in the midst of chaos and disruptions and is in process of reshaping its business models to alienate the traditional processes. The driving force for Banks to adopt such changes can be a. Changing customer needs, b. Optimization of cost and Banking Operations, c. Digitization and Automation, d. Streamlining of complex and lengthy processes and e. New competitorsRead MoreEssay on Internal Auditing and What It Entalis1137 Words   |  5 Pagescounsel and information concerning the activities reviewed. With growing complexity of transactions, increase in number of transactions and the greater size of organisations the old definition and function was not effective and not achieving much of what it was intended for. It can be said they were becoming less effective as their skills were becoming outdated and as problems too became complex with the complexi ty of the transactions which resulted in the new definition and role of an Internal AuditorRead MoreFitt Case Study872 Words   |  4 PagesFITTskills: International Trade Finance Sixth Edition Course Objectives †¢ Define and discuss the â€Å"Four Pillars† of trade finance— payment facilitation, risk management, financing and the provision of information related to a transaction †¢ Describe the impact of technology on trade finance †¢ Describe the major products and services related to trade finance, including the role and requirement of each party to a transaction †¢ Discuss the importance of export credit agenciesRead MoreAccrual Basis Of Accounting Over Cash Basis1534 Words   |  7 Pagesadoption. Discussion Numerous business transactions have effects on different time periods. For instance, suppose Citigroup purchases a new building or Delta Air Lines purchases a new airplane; these assets are going to be used for several years. It is argued that the full cost of such items should not be expensed at the purchasing period as such items are going to be used for several subsequent years. Thus it is important to determine the effects of such transaction on particular accounting periodsRead MoreThe Financial Reporting Council Defines Complexity1613 Words   |  7 PagesThe Financial Reporting Council defines complexity as ‘anything that makes regulations or the reports themselves unnecessarily difficult to understand, implement or analyse’ (Financial Reporting Council, 2009). Many areas of annual reports have been highlighted over the years as annual reports are seen to be getting more complex to both the users of accounts and the preparers. There have been many discussions as to whether annual reports are becoming more complex and harder to understand. Read MoreCeo Duality Causes Conflict Of Interest As Management831 Words   |  4 Pagesexpectation, leads managers to engage in fraudulent recognition of revenue practices and cited SEC Chairman, Arthur Levitt concerns that the drive of meeting analyst expectation pressure corporate managers, analysts and auditors override ethical business practice (p.45). Nonetheless, the research by Vogel (2001) blamed Cendant’s compensation policy of stock-options tied to the company’s performance potentially caused fraud (p.409). Consistent with the research by Ball (2009) mentioned that some commentatorsRead MoreThe Political And Legal Aspects Of International Marketing1707 Words   |  7 PagesAspects in Relation to Domestic and International Environment of Halal Products Submitted by: Jessa Loreta Billano, 1338020 Submitted to: Dr. Syed M. Ahmed 10 August 2016 Executive Summary The advent of globalisation in the last two decades had an immense impact to the political and legal environments which are essential aspects in international marketing. As there is no existing single political and legal environment because of its complexity on a variety of levels, the politicalRead MoreThe Islamic Law s Enforcement Of Halal Regulations1675 Words   |  7 Pageshad an immense impact to the political and legal environments which are essential aspects in international marketing. As there is no existing single political and legal environment because of its complexity on a variety of levels, the political and legal environment will be referred to as one concept in this paper. The political and legal aspects will be discussed in relation to the domestic and international environment. In order to have a grasp of the factors at play, this paper will use the IslamicRead MoreLectures and Reading for My Class, Incoterms923 Words   |  4 PagesIn attending lectures and doing the required readings for Professor’s International Trade Operations class during the preceding month, I have, as before, acquired a great deal of knowledge regarding the in’s and out’s of international business. I found the lectures and readings on Incoterms to be of particular interest. As a bilingual and bicultural individual who was privileged enough to learn two languages and maintain my understanding of both Japanese and English well into my adult years, IRead MoreUnderstanding The International Context Of Business Trade And Logistics947 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many benefits of understanding the international context of business trade and logistics. To achieve competitive advantage, even within small firms, it is necessary to gain expertise in the international logistics activities which are much more complex than what domestic trade involves. The world’s economy is increasingly global, and the logistics sector designates a significant fraction of that economic activity, the estimated total stands at $7. 4 trillion dollars (David, 2013, p. 53)

The Great Poet Ali Akbat Dehkhoda English Literature Essay Free Essays

However, one should non bury the fact that the outgrowth of newspapers and magazines in Iran opens a new way for political and literary arguments which were all led to societal consciousness of the populace and the upliftment of literary infinites. Like Romantic Poets such as Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth and John Keats, E’tesami experienced a short tragic life: A short period matrimony to her male parent ‘s cousin lasted merely 10 hebdomads, decease of her male parent, whom she attached excessively much, followed by her ain decease three old ages subsequently at the age of 30 four. Her sudden decease Shocked the whole state and was mourned by 1000s. We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Poet Ali Akbat Dehkhoda English Literature Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hence, Parvin ‘s short life did non interfere her great celebrity in which she has achieved among Iranians. The genius girl of E’tesam-al-Molk through his encouragement began her gustatory sensation in poesy since her early childhood at around age seven or eight. She composed some literary pieces which were translated from western texts by her male parent. Parvin ‘s poesy followed the Classical Persian tradition both in signifier and content. And the reformatory position of Modern Persian poets such as Nima Yushij, Sohrab Sepehri, which led to a great literary motion, remained unaffected or possibly denied by her. E’tesami published a †Divan † , a book of poesy, consisted of 156 verse forms in 1935, with an debut by the great poet and scholar Mohammad Taqi Bahar. After her decease, Abol Fathe E’tesami, her brother, published the 2nd edition of her book including 209 composings in the signifier of Ghazal, a love vocal like Lyric and assorted other signifiers of Iranian poesy like †Qasideh † , †Qet’e † which are all short pairs. They were all followed the didactic and philosophical manners of Sanai, Naser Khosrow or even Manuchehri in eleventh and 12th centuries. Her Divan gives small room for Ghazal, but harmonizing to Professor Heshmat Moayyed those few Ghazals of hers, including 5 verse forms entitled †Arezooha † [ Longings ] and †Safar e Ashk † [ Journey of a Tear ] are regarded as the best illustrations of lyric of all time written in Persian. Along with her Divan she versified 75 anecdotes, fabrications and fables. †She is best known for her stamp, fable-like fragments written in traveling tones † conveying her moralistic idealogy. However, E’tesami ‘s controversial poetic signifier, the †Monazere † [ Debate ] claimed the largest parts of her Divan. She composed 65 verse forms in Monazere manner. Moayyed stated that E’tesami ‘s Hagiographas were largely about † work forces and adult females of different societal backgrounds, a wide-ranging array of animate beings, birds, flowers, trees, cosmic and natural elements, objects of day-to-day life, abstract constructs, all personified and typifying her wealth of thoughts. † Influenced by Mysticism and Fatalism in some of her verse forms she talked of the doctrine of life as in here: The narrative of fate is madness and it ‘s non luck to fall from the roof and state it was destiny Acting is the best wing in the Eden of cognition in the land of being, art is the best wealth Search although your will is superior to believe Thrive although your way leads to the firedrake ‘s oral cavity Moayyed believed that through personification and symbol E’tesami visualized the immoralities of society and the loss of moral committedness. And through her Monazeres [ Debates ] she expressed her ain position about † life, decease, societal justness, moralss, instruction and the supreme importance of cognition. † Her formative old ages were spent in Tehran, the capital metropolis, where her household moved from Tabriz to Tehran for better life style and instruction. E’tesami ‘s formal schooling was in the American Girls College in Tehran, a celebrated school where she taught at that place for a piece instantly after her graduation. She was invited to go the Queen ‘s coach for the new Pahlavi tribunal, but she refused. She declined that invitation for she opposed Reza Shah for his indifference towards the atrociousnesss and developments done in her state. Alternatively, she joined the library of the Teacher Training College for several months. Mohammad Taqi Bahar and Parvin E’tesami are considered as the most famed classical poets have of all time risen since the 19th century. Bahar is known as the †King of Poets † who played a important function in the † outgrowth and development of Iranian literature as a distinguishable genre † in the beginning of the 20th century. His verse forms largely dealt with the socio-political facets of Iran. Other distinguished figures in classical poesy are Mirzadeh Eshghi, Aref Ghazvini and Shahriyar. Among all singular plants, †Monazere † [ argument ] revealed the extremum of her mastermind. Monazere is the argument between two objects or two individuals, where this technique revived by Parvin since Sasanid and Ghaznavid ‘s dynasties like Abu-al-gasem Ansari. She was besides influenced by the Greek and Gallic fabrications of Aesop and La Fontaine. E’tesami highlights the Arguments by conveying a †thesis and a corresponding antithesis † together with the conventional imagination and intense duologues and the concluding lines as her ain point of views. One of the most celebrated Arguments of hers called †Mast Virginia Hoshyar † [ The Drunk and the Sober ] won great esteem among Romantic poets, which was popularized as the best argument of all time written and regarded as the mirror of the societal and political background of the age. Her prowess is confined to portray the existent Dark place of high governments in the society including †Judge † , †Governor † , †Sheriff † and the mere †Municipal † , where the Municipal Police Officer caught a ‘Drunk but Aware Man ‘ in the center of the dark and decided to take him to the Judge ‘s house, the Governor ‘s castle or the Sheriff ‘s for enquiry or test, yet the Drunkard remarked that the Municipal should wait till dawn for the Judge is asleep and the governor must be hangover at that minute. In this verse form E’tesami by conveying a analogue between the Drunkard and the Sober pictured the instability of any higher societal ranks, where no 1 is in his proper topographic point or does his responsibility. Even when the Municipal suggested the Arrested Man to travel to †Masjid † [ Mosque ] till the twenty-four hours after, this chap claimed that Masjid is n’t a inn for such a criminal like him. The Municipal ‘s demand for compensation or his apparels was rejected, because the hapless Drunk did n’t even hold a penny or proper apparels to put himself free. E’stesami raised her inquiring and challenging of the system in her last line, when the Officer claimed that harmonizing to the Laws of the State, he should happen a Sober to flog the Drunk. In response the Drunk laughed calmly and stated: †Bring a Sober, here no organic structure is sober † The American College Parvin E’tesami became familiarity with the civilizations of the West. E’tesam-al-Molk took her to different parts of Iran and even foreign states like Europe and Iraq. Through these trips, Parvin gained the cognition he had gained over old ages of reading and interpreting Western civilizations and traditions which drew inspiration for her in organizing the chief subjects of her poesy such as humanitarianism, liberalism. The literary assemblages held in their house went around issues of Persian civilization and life style. They normally discussed over †the Oppression of Reza Shah Pahlavi ‘s government, instruction, Women ‘s predicament and the jobs of the helot † and Parvin was the lasting participants of these meetings. The impact of all these great figures is reflected in her poesy. The twenty old ages of creativeness from 1921 till her decease displayed an †astonishing adulthood of idea and trade † of this 20th century Persian poet. Throughout her poesy she ever looked for societal justness for the Masses, particularly Women. She brings out the predicament of adult females and their subjugations in verse forms like †Iranian Women † : Once a adult female in Iran was about non-Iranian. All she did was struggle through dark and distressful yearss. Her life she spent in isolation ; she died in isolation. What was she so if non a captive? None of all time lived centuries in darkness like her. None was sacrificed on the communion table of lip service like her. In the tribunals of justness no informant defended her. To the school of larning she was non admitted. All her life her prohibitionists for justness remained ignored. This subjugation occurred publically ; it was no secret. Many work forces appeared cloaked as her shepherd. Within each a wolf was concealing alternatively. Or in â€Å" A Woman ‘s Topographic point † : aˆÂ ¦.. Plato and Socrates were great because the female parents Who nurtured them were themselves great. Loghman was succored by his female parent in the cradle Long earlier attending at school made him a philosopher. Whether heroes or mystics, abstainers or legal expert, They all were first students in her school. How can a kid with no female parent learn to love? A land with no swayer offers no safety and order. There is non adequate information about Parvin E’tesami ‘s personal life except a little book of essays and verse forms published on her first day of remembrance in 1944 in Tehran. Her familiarities claimed that she was an honest, straightforward but mild adult female. She had an eternal passion in larning and contending against the dictatorship of male monarchs and great sympathy towards the multitudes. She besides offered moral solutions related to the world of life. E’tesami ‘s differentiation was due to her word picture of †spiritual truth, exalted humane constructs, plaint for poorness, favoritism † and category consciousness. However, much of her plants were the acrimonious and rough unfavorable judgment of societal and political unfairness. In â€Å" The Old Woman ‘s Lament † she challenged the legitimacy of the authorities, in â€Å" The Wretched † she portrayed poorness and protested against societal spread between the rich and the hapless. Mostly her poesy has the colour of morality. The unexpected decease of E’tesam-al-Molk secluded her from the society for she afterwards lost touch with the literary circles which had ever encouraged her. Furthermore, possibly within the patriarchal mainstream of literary society, Parvin E’tesami had no agent or shelter in showing her plants. However, as a adult female poet she managed to set up her place in the literary infinite through her human-centered mentality. How to cite The Great Poet Ali Akbat Dehkhoda English Literature Essay, Essay examples

Unit 3 Enabling Learning and Assessment free essay sample

City and Guilds, DTLLS, 7305, Level 4 Assignment Unit 3: Enabling Learning and Assessment Karen Dennison, 295607 May 2011 There are many reasons why students are assessed and this first section summarises some of the key benefits to students, institutions and teachers as suggested by Race et al (2005). In order to gain qualifications or complete a course, students will be required to prove their competence, knowledge or exposition of a skill, usually through the use of assessments to demonstrate that learning has taken place. Students may find assessment useful as it provides information regarding their progress, or identify areas for further development. Comparisons can be made against other students and this can help to give students a sense of how they are getting on compared to their peers. Although assessment may be motivating to some students who are progressing well it may also be demoralising for students who are struggling, or become a block to learning for others who are anxious about the assessment process. Therefore it is important that assessment is appropriate to the course and level of student and differs according to the psychomotor, cognitive and affective learning domains and this will be discussed in detail later in this essay (Race et al 2005). From the institution and teacher perspective assessment can provide statistical information to monitor the overall performance of the college and indeed individual teachers. Providing information on the number of students who pass or fail courses, in particular the percentage of students who pass. This can be useful to recruit potential students if results are positive as it may demonstrate quality and excellence. Information following assessment can be useful to identify areas of strength and weakness within course materials, teaching or the organisation. Teachers also benefit from assessment as it can provide a tool to ensure students are directed to the right course or identify whether students have any additional needs and this can be identified as part of initial assessment (Race et al 2005). It helps to establish whether learning has taken place and can therefore be a measure of the effectiveness of the teaching. It can also be used to monitor progress of students, identify areas for development and provide evidence that students have met the required learning outcomes. The next section considers the stages of assessment and the purpose of each stage linking to Maslow’s self-actualisation model. This will be followed by an analysis of how assessment differs within each of the three main domains of learning as outlined by Bloom. Assessment can take place in many different forms and times during a course. Formative or continuous assessment takes place during the course and can provide valuable information about how students are progressing in a fairly informal and non-intrusive way, although it may feel to the student that they are continually being assessed (Wilson 2009). This is also supported by Kolb’s learning cycle (1984) where he suggests reflective practice is a key element in developing practice. Boud (1995) also links self-assessment and reflection to effective learning. In contrast, summative assessment occurs at the end of a module or course and is most commonly a formal exam. Students are tested on their knowledge and awarded a certificate accordingly. This can cause pressure and anxiety for students particularly when grades are required for further learning. Concepts of assessment as outlined by Wilson (2009) include norm referencing where students are assessed and measured against other students. Ipsative assessment involves students assessing themselves against set criteria and Criterion referencing requires competency to be measured against a set of set criteria and awarded a pass if the student meets the required standard. Assessment can be an effective teaching tool to demonstrate learning that has taken place during a session and also to provide a measure against criteria for the courses as a whole. There are many different ways that students can be assessed and this may depend on the type of subject being taught and the level of student. The Syllabus Standards are set by the awarding body and this will influence the learning outcomes within the class. Assessment can be used at various stages of the learning cycle. As part of the initial assessment process it provides teachers with diagnostic knowledge about their students and identifies any additional needs. Formative assessment provides on-going information about the student’s progress and summative assessment is a formal exam or test to measure cognitive knowledge at the end of a course or module. Different assessment methods will suit students within the different learning domains as outlined by Blooms taxonomy (1956 – 1967). Bloom suggests multiple choice questions will suit low order cognitive skill, whereas, high order cognitive skill and affective domain skills will suit essays, short answer questions. Students within the psychomotor domain will suit assessment in the form of observations. Differentiating assessment methods and embedding these into everyday teaching is therefore essential for teachers as this provides valuable feedback whether or not learning has been effective. Assessments should be balanced and varied and include a range of inclusive, relevant and inspirational assessment activities. Formative assessments generally offer more flexibility, whereas the summative assessment is often set by an examination board and therefore differentiation is more difficult to achieve, although this could be in the form of different levels of exam papers (Wilson 2009). This section of this essay critically evaluates the use of two different assessment activities used to check the learning of students. This will be done by considering the key strengths and weakness of each type of assessment will also be considered, as well as, the Validity; Reliability; Sufficiency; Authenticity and Relevance of each assessment method. The first assessment method is a short answer question paper session delivered to level 3 students on an access health studies course. This was an informal formative type of assessment designed to assess previous learning and help the students to recap on what has been learned to date. The second assessment students were asked to prepare and deliver a 15 minute oral presentation to demonstrate knowledge gained during the module. This was an individual presentation which provided a formal summative assessment that counted toward their degree programme. Students were required to assess their own performance and they were also peer assessed by two other students within the group. This feedback and self-evaluation included aspects that worked well and areas for development. Tutor feedback was more detailed and included content, delivery and marked against the learning outcomes from the module. A graded criteria was awarded for this module. These assessment methods use the criterion referencing tool which enables all students to be measured against a set of criteria rather than being compared to another student. Validity is concerned with whether the assessment activity measures what it sets out to measure. Atherton (2011) suggests that to ensure validity a range of assessment methods and approaches should be used. The first assessment activity was intended as a recap and was supported by group discussion so it provided a measure for the students as to their progress, and to me as a tutor regarding areas for development. A further evaluation is shown in appendix . The second task relates directly to the learning outcomes of the module as set by the awarding body. It is therefore a highly valid. This assessment was summative and provided evidence that students had met the required criteria at the end of a health and safety module. Learners know what is expected as it is outlined in their handbook which they were given a the beginning of the course. Reliability is concerned with whether assessments provide an accurate record for the students. To improve reliability assessments need to be checked for ambiguities and for teachers to double mark assessments independently, to check scores and grading criteria, this can help to improve reliability of results and reduce the number of false positives (QCA 2009). The first assessment activity was marked by students and then discussed as a group. The discussion helped students to share knowledge. The second task has a marking guide which has detailed criteria for presentation skills and the learning outcomes. Tutor feedback is supported by self evaluation from the student as well as peer feedback, thus providing double loop learning. This was internally verified by an independent tutor to check for ambiguities. Sufficiency considers whether the syllabus is covered entirely or as part of a group of assessments. The first task students answered questions relating to two modules and so covered part of their overall course. The second assessment covered aspects of a module. The results will form part of an overall grade towards their degree programme. Although all students had to present orally, they also had to prepare handouts, power-point, or group activities. Students had flexibility within their presentation and this would help meet the different learning needs. Once verified marks were given out during face to face tutorials. Authenticity is important as it provides evidence that the students work is their own. The first assessment activity encouraged students to self-assess their progress, their papers weren’t marked but the answers discussed as a class. Students were then encouraged to write additional comments which they could use for revision. In the second assessment the students were required to sign a declaration of authenticity to provide evidence that it was their own work. Relevance relates to how the assessment fits in with the programme of work (Wilson, 2009). The first assessment provided students with an example of how the exam would work and was directly related to the topics they had been studying so I think it was highly relevant to their module. The second assessment activity required students to present orally their links from theory to practice and therefore not only highly relevant to meeting the learning outcomes of the module but also to their practice and improved professional practice. This section relates to an evaluation on a session plan (appendix 1) where I reflect on how feedback from others has informed my own professional practice. I teach a level 3 access course on two consecutive days to different groups of students. Although there are differences between the groups in terms of the dynamics and needs of the students, this does provide me with an opportunity to reflect on my organisation and the session as well as feedback from students and make amendments to timing and order during the second session. I changed the programme around on the second day. This involved changing the order of the activities around so that a shorter ice breaker activity would commence the session, followed by a short answer paper that again was broken so the students were asked to answer 5 questions, then discussed as a group and then the next 5 questions, rather than answering all 20 as a first activity. This seemed to work much better as it gave the students an opportunity for them to reflect on what they had learned during the module and the short activities broken up with group discussion were more effective than one long reading activity. Feedback from observations has also improved my practice as it has given me aspects that I need to consider for development. It has also been motivating for me to have positive feedback from my peers noted. This has also improved my self confidence in my teaching ability and this in turn has encouraged me to try new things and I can feel that I am more motivated. I have attached two observations and highlighted areas regarding assessment activities. In conclusion, assessment plays a vital part of the teaching toolkit and has many benefits for students, teachers and organisations. There are many different ways that assessment can be used and it is essential that a variety of methods are implemented so that all students have the opportunity to demonstrate whether they meet the criteria or standards. After analysing two assessment methods within my own teaching practice as well as considering feedback from others as well as the impact on my students I feel that I have developed both in my ability to be a reflective practitioner as well as. Word count: 1997 References Boud, D. (1964) ‘Enhancing learning through self assessment’, London, Kogan Page. Gravels, A. , ‘Principle and practice in assessment’ Kolb, D. , (1984) ‘Experiential learning: experience as a source of learning and development’ Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall. Petty, G. , (1998) ‘A practical guide; teaching today’ 2nd eds, London, Nelson Thornes. Race, P. , Broan, S. , and Smith, B. , (2005) ‘500 tips on assessment’ 2nd eds, Oxon, Routeledge Rogers, A. , and Horrocks, N. , (2010) ‘Teaching adults’ 4th eds, Berkshire, Open University Press. Wilson, L. (2009) ‘Practical teaching A guide to PTLLS DTLLS’ Hampshire, Delmar Cengage Learning. Websites: Atherton J S (2011) Teaching and Learning; The Problem of Assessment [On-line: UK] retrieved 2 May 2011 from http://www. learningandteaching. info/teaching/assess_problem. htm Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (2009) ‘Review of teacher assessment: evidence of what works best and issues for development’, On-line: retrieved 2nd May 2011 from; http://orderline. qcda. gov. uk/gempdf/1445907461/OUCEA_-_Review_of_teacher_assessment_March09. pdf

Money Study Guide Essays - Money, Finance, Financial Services

Money Study Guide 1. ______________ is anything of value that serves as generally accepted medium of financial exchange or legal tender for repayment of debt. 2. When you think of money, you think of ______________. 3. ____________________ is tokes used as money which includes metal coins and paper bank notes. 4. _________________ deposits are funds deposited in checking accounts where checks can be written against the account balance. 5. ____________________ checks are issued by a financial institution which functions as cash but is protected against loss or theft. 6. A _____________________ account is a deposit account at a bank or savings and loan which pays interest. 7. ___________ deposits are savings accounts or CD held in a financial institution for a fixed term (6 month CD). 8. A _______________ _______________ mutual fund is a type of mutual fund that invests in high-yielding, short-term money instruments. 9. A __________ card is a card which allows customers to access their funds immediately, electronically. 10. Direct Deposit of a pay check and Electronic Funds Transfer (Western Union) are examples of _______________ money. 11. __________________________ was a type of paper money that was issued from 1862 to 1971 in the U.S. 12. _______________ is a series of coins struck at a mint as part of currency. 13. Name the three functions of money: a. _________________________________ b. _________________________________ c. _________________________________ 14. Name the four methods of obtaining capital: a. ____________________________________ b. ____________________________________ c. ____________________________________ d. ____________________________________ 15. ___________________ is the value of an ownership interest in property 16. ____________________ any form of wealth capable of being employed in the production of more wealth 17. ________________________ refers to the portion of net income which is retained by the corporation rather than distributed to its owners as dividends. 18. ______________________ is the capital that a business raises by taking out a loan. 19. The ____________ value of money is the value of money figuring in a given amount of interest earned over a given amount of time. 20. Using the time value of money terminology, $100 invested for one year at 5% interest has a future value of ____________.

A narrativerave of Brave New World by Aldous Huxley essays

A narrativerave of Brave New World by Aldous Huxley essays The novel Brave New World by Aldous Huxley is a narrative of the "new world order" of the future human society. The future, according to the novel, is a "perfect" human society wherein live birth, pregnancy, and human display of emotions are considered taboo, while perfectionism and rationalism devoid of any emotions is the social ideal of an individual. Brave New World contemplates the condition of human society if the conventional becomes unconventional, and vice versa. Take as an example the process of pro-creation among humans. Live birth is no longer the norm, and artificial birth is the preferred method in the society. In the process of artificial conception and birth, people are identified into various groups, wherein groupings are determined according to the individual's intelligence, skills, and talents. People generated from live and artificial births are also categorized: those who were born through artificial means are considered part of the society, while those who were born through live birth are discriminated against. The process of artificial births to produce "quality" humans that have superior skills, talents, and intelligence can be likened to the current method of assembly lines commonly applied by manufacturing companies. The assembly line concept is similar to Huxley's idea of segregation of humans through artificial conception and birth, since both processes (assembly line and artificial births) aim to produce "quality products" by assigning people to control and look over the process every step of the way. However, to compare the processes of conception and birth in Huxley's novel to the concept of assembly line is too simplistic and not applicable at all, since humans are not products that are made' in order to achieve perfection. Humans are created mainly for the purpose of pro- creationthat is, perpetuate human society...

Final Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Final Project - Essay Example There are factors that urged the citizens to be more aware of the lifestyle they possessed as they are becoming much more concern on their food and nutrition intakes, considering the widespread of overweight individuals, nourishment of food that prevent illnesses, and many more. The main thrust of this report is to analyze a 3-day diet using the MyDietAnalysis program, specifying actual vs. recommended intakes and activity summary with the given motivation codes. Analysis of My 3-day Diet To analyze my nutrition habits and evaluate my own diet, I have organized a 3-day diet and entered it into the MyDietAnalysis program. See appendix A for my diet menu showing my food and beverages intake for 3 days in a row. Specifically, these include the corresponding meal (i.e. breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snack), quantity, units, and code motivation. This activity has allowed me to closely observe my eating habits in order to meet the daily nutritional requirement. Furthermore, during the 3-day diet, I have performed various exercises. Exercising proves to strengthen health in the long run (Schmidt, 2002). In particular, habitual physical actions proved to be safe and capable in improving health conditions (Biller, 2002). Among the exercises I have performed include brisk walking, jogging, swimming, dancing, bicycling, and playing badminton. After consuming the specific meal and having a moderate exercise, I felt more relaxed and less anxious. Logue (2004) noted that skipping meals greatly affects an individual’s thinking skills and overall performance. Personally, the food and beverages that are included in my diet have improved my performance in school and after-school activities. For the diet program, I kept track of my daily nutrients intake, including the amount of fiber, calories, protein, and many more. Table 1 below shows the actual intake versus recommended intake with the corresponding components and percentages. The data illustrate the amount of nutrient s in my 3-day diet with the equivalent recommended percentage. Table 1: Actual Intake vs. Recommended Intake Calories 1,033.652,329.66 = 44% Vitamin A –RAE (mcg) 237.94700.00 = 34% Calories from Fat 348.40652.30 = 53% Beta-carotene (mcg) 536.92 = 63% Calories from Sat Fat 129.86209.67 = 62% Vitamin B1 - Thiamin (mg) 0.461.10 = 42% Protein (g) 56.1561.69 = 91% Vitamin B2 –Riboflavin (mg) 0.541.10 = 49% Carbohydrates (g) 118.95320.33 = 37% Vitamin B3 - Niacin (mg) 10.2114.00 = 73% Sugar (g) 31.49 Vitamin B6 (mg) 0.791.50 = 52% Dietary Fiber (g) 11.1432.62 = 34% Vitamin B12 (mcg) 2.412.40 = 100% Soluble Fiber (g) 0.16 Vitamin C (mg) 43.3575.00 = 58% Insoluble Fiber (g) 0.58 Vitamin D - mcg (mcg) 4.0315.00 = 27% Fat (g) 38.7172.4853% Vitamin E -Alpha Toc. (mg) 0.9315.00 = 6% Saturated Fat (g) 14.4323.30 = 62% Folate (mcg) 57.79400.00 = 14% Trans Fat (g) 0.07 Calcium (mg) 243.371,200.00 = 20% Mono Fat (g) 4.9925.89 = 19% Iron (mg) 6.298.00 = 79% Poly Fat (g) 2.2323.30 = 10% Magnesium (mg) 101.53320.00 = 32% Cholesterol (mg) 281.73300.00 = 94% Phosphorus (mg) 374.25700.00 = 53% Water (g) 681.562,700.00 = 25% Potassium (mg)1,133.884,700.00 = 24% Selenium (mcg) 35.79 Omega-3 (g) 0.35, Omega-6 (g) 1.75 Sodium (mg) 1,618.681,300.001 = 25% Alcohol (g) 0.00 Zinc (mg) 3.008.00 = 37% Caffeine (mg) 0.00 Recommended intake per day. In my 3-day diet program, I have taken less than 100% of the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for vitamins and minerals.

Total Quality Management Question#2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Total Quality Management Question#2 - Essay Example Oakland (2000) proposed that employees' participation helps in implementing the total quality management (TQM) strategy. For this to happen, employees must be made aware about the different aspects of quality and how they can be partners in implementing quality strategy. Such an arrangement, often termed as the participative form of management, is stated to help the subordinates in sharing the decision making power with their superiors. But the success of any strategy depends upon a number of factors, implementation policy and prevailing circumstances. Therefore the key elements for improving the levels of quality in the billing department include; In view of the evolving global economy, which demands appropriately skilled workforce, most of the governments around the world have started undertaking reforms of their education and training systems, with inclusion of the vocational streams into the system and by providing apprenticeship training to the students. Such training is often provided in technical skills. But the copier company has a mixed workforce which includes trained manpower for carrying out the technical work, maintenance etc. while the other category includes customer care executives and marketing people who require more of behavioural training. There's another category of employees belonging to the accounts and administration branch who might have undergone some training in their respective fields, but when it comes to live experience, their training might require some more polishing to mould them in sync with the company's principles and objectives. John Ruskin, an English critic of 19th century once said, "Qua lity is never an accident, it is always the result of intelligent effort". This statement sums up the kind of efforts required for deliver value to the customer and for producing a quality product and service. To start with, there must be a sincere effort on the part of the management to keep the communication channels working between workers and management. Interaction at regular intervals with the customer care executives, billing clerks, technicians, sales clerks etc. helps not only in gathering the feedback from them, but such interaction also helps in motivating the workers. Company officials must inform the workers in detail about company policies and objectives. The interactions at regular intervals must be used by the company managers to collect as much information as possible about the expectations of the employees from the company and their apprehensions/ doubts about handling some typical situations. An effort must be made by the company officials to solicit the opinions of the workers in resolving some of the testing situations. Such an exercise would no doubt encourage the workers to come out with innovative solutions, but it will also help in company preparing a detailed data base of its working style, working conditions etc., which in turn will help in preparing better customer handling policies. The workers must be trained in handling the customer

Ethics of Dignity and Freedom by Kant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics of Dignity and Freedom by Kant - Essay Example The researcher of this essay states that Kant was the first philosopher who proposed the notion of deontological ethics, which is the study of duty. This essay provides a detailed analysis on the topic of ethics as a branch of philosophy that was presented in Kant's works: The Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785), The Critique of Practical Reason (1787). The researcher analyzed the most important Kant’s criticism of previous ethical theories, that is the most obvious in his theory about symbol. Kant’s ethics is remarkable for the new interpretation of the notion of symbol. The connection between Kant’s ethics and his theoretical philosophy, the genesis of his ethical ideas, formation of his thoughts in frames of study about freedom and ethics, dignity study (the central category of his moral philosophy) – these problems are at the centre of his ethical concept, that was analyzed in the essay. There is one more important issue mentioned in the es say from Kant’s philosophy of dignity and freedom – the connection between freedom and morality. The philosopher insists that person exists in two worlds: the one is the world of physical existence and another is the world of spirit. It is also suggested in the study that Kant’s philosophy of history and the idea of progress are closely connected with the ethical theory. In conclusion, the researcher states that it is worth saying that Kant’s activity had a great impact on the development of modern ethical philosophy and philosophy in general.

The Language And Power English Language Essay

The Language And Power English Language Essay Language is a very significant thing in our life. Therefore, it can be either empowering or disempowering relying on how its used and who is using it? The reason of my paper is to discover the diverse dimensions of the relations of power and language. First, I shall talk about two different types of power of the language. Then, I shall quote, discuss, and illustrate a piece of an interview that concentrates upon how unequal power practiced by unequal encounters has a correlation with the use of the language. Moreover, I shall distinguish between three types of constraints that appeared through discourse. Then, I shall analyze and exemplify a small text from the media to show how the uses of vocabulary, grammar, and the textual structures have a significant role as a hidden power in discourse. Additionally, I shall analyze a short extract to show how social struggle in discourse occurs. Finally, I shall give my conclusion. According to Norman Fairclough the power of the language can either appear overtly or covertly and categorized into two types: power in discourse and power behind discourse. Power in discourse is found where relations of power are applied and performed in face-to-face spoken discourse, power in cross-cultural discourse in which contributors belong to various ethnic groups, and the hidden power which is located in the discourse of the mass media. Power behind discourse works with how arrangements of discourse as dimensions of the social orders of social institutions or societies are themselves formed and composed by relations of power. (Fairclough, Ch. 3, p. 36) Let us start our discussion with a type of power in discourse in terms of face to face discourse where the encounters have unequal power. Text 1 is an extract from an interview transcript of Larry King with Chris Brown, Browns attorney (Mark Geragos), and Browns mother (Joyce Hawkins). Some indicative keys to help the reader in reading the script such as, a dot (.) means a short cease, three dots (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) mean longer cease, and the two square brackets are overlapping and interruption. We need to know that powerful participants have several devices, which can be used in order to practice a control over less powerful participants such as, interruption, enforcing explicitness, controlling topic, formulation, and turn taking. (Fairclough, Ch. 5, pp. 112-113, Text 1 in appendix) In text 1 we can see how King practices control and power over Brown, his attorney, and his mother. He controls the topic, and he is in a position that allows him to practice his power through posing intricate and critical questions. King interrupts Brown five times- in (11), (29), (35), (58), and (69) and one time he interrupts Hawkins in (45). King here is not doing all these interruptions just because he wants to. However, he is enforcing explicitness to make Browns meaning clear by asking things like in (3), (4), (5), and (6). Also, he overlaps and interrupts Brown in order to control his statement and to make sure that his answer is truthful and unambiguous because King knows that Brown has amnesia, for example, in (28) and (29). (Fairclough, Ch. 3, p. 38 Text 1 in appendix) Furthermore, King exercises his power even over Browns attorney; in (11) (what did you pleadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ explain, quickly, Mark, what he pled guilty to.) It is clear that he has full control over the situation and over everybody involved in the discourse which we notice it in the way the turn taken is managed. King has the authority to select the next speaker. In conversation between unequal participants, turn-taken rights are unequal too. (Fairclough, Ch. 5, p. 112 Text 1 in appendix) Moreover, we can see the way in which King is overtly repeating Browns answers in (4), and (5) (possibly) and in (25) and (27) (its fair) as if he is asking him are you sure? Also, it seems to be that King is evaluating the time that Brown and his mother (Hawkins) went through such as in (3) and (19) (this had to be the worst period of your life), (especially with all this pain youve had in your life). Another point is that Brown and Hawkins are put in the spot in the series of questions of turns (43), (45), (47), (49), (53), (55), (57), (68), (70), (72), and (74). The questions compose a tactically ordered series which makes Brown and his mother hesitate in their answers, which associated with many longer pauses in (44), (46), (48), (56), (58), (71), (73), and (75). (Fairclough, Ch. 3, p. 38 Text 1 in appendix) In addition, we notice that King is using an excessive amount of interrogative sentences. Some of the questions were formed grammatically negative such as in (33) (The sentencing judge, as I understand it, has not lifted a protective order the court imposed on you in connection with Rihanna. That means you cant be with her?), (39) (But you cannot go together?) and (73) (No, well, lets say could you conceive of that down the road?) this type of questions makes Brown look guilty, looser and deserve what had happed to him. (Fairclough, Ch. 3, p. 38 Text 1 in appendix) Now, let us consider some constrains that donate specific linguistic forms. According to Fairclough, text 1 shows three types of constrains in: contents, relations, and subjects. In terms of contents (topic), Brown is accused of beating his fiancà © Rihanna, and he is trying to clear himself in front of King and the rest the world, also his mother insists that Brown has never been an aggressive individual and his attorney trying to explain to King the status of Brown at this moment. We can see how the formality of the situation applies a specific kind of attitudes and particular types of vocabulary. Also, in terms of relation, we can see the social relation between the encounters is very formal; King represents a professional relation to his guest, Nevertheless, Brown is the son of Mrs. Hawkins, so their relation ship is intimate (mother and son). Furthermore, in terms of subject position, King occupies a reporter position who is exercising his authority over Brown, Hawkins, and Geragos, Brown is accuser, and Geragos is an attorney. Notice how King has the right to ask questions, whereas, his guests have only obligation to comply and answer. As well, we can see that these constraints received from the conventions of the discourse type which is being derived from. Consequently, we come to say that power in discourse is to do with powerful participants controlling and constraining the contribution of non-powerful participants, and can indirectly constrain them by selecting the discourse type. (Fairclough, Ch. 3, p. 39 Text 1 in appendix) Now, I shall consider another type of power in discourse. It is the hidden power in mass media. This kind of discourse engages members who are separated in place and time. Actually, mass-media discourse has a very neat nature. Its power relation is usually covert and engages hidden relations of power. The main different thing between face-to-face discourse and media discourse is the one-sidedness. In media discourse, there is a strong separation between producers and interpreters- maybe because media product has the nature of a commodity, between producers and consumers. Medias text is designed for mass audiences, which mean for everybody because it is hard for the writer to specify his audience. Therefore, media discourse has created into it a subject position for an ideal subject. (Fairclough, Ch. 3, p. 41) The journalist in text 2 exercises power over readers in that he has full rights and can therefore, decide what is contained and omitted, how events are appeared, and even the subject positions of their spectators. Look at the interrogative question in (A) (Does Chris Brown have amnesia?); the writer is engaging and positioning his readers in a certain way to answer the question (yes or no). Furthermore, the title is in bold to pull all readers attention to the more important sentence. The use of clear agent in the first sentence (A) makes us focus on Brown himself and his incident. In the second part of the text (B), the writer omitted purposely the name of Browns ex-fiancà © (Rihanna) to avoid dragging the audience attention. Moreover, the use of the negative grammatical form in (B) (No, I dont. Its like, its crazy to me) and in (C) (Im in shock, thats not who I am as a person. And thats not who I pride myself on being), shows the readers that Brown is not guilty, and he is not ha ppy about what he did due to his sickness. We can see how the writer is manipulating his audiences, he is exercising his hidden power by not telling directly that Brown is innocent, but he is covertly trying to convey his message by controlling his audience to make them come to a specific conclusion (Brown is innocent). (Fairclough, Ch. 5, pp. 103-5 Text 2 in appendix) Furthermore, we notice that the representation of Brown is another form of constraint on contents such, representations cumulatively stereotype famous RB singer and more generally the singer of favored public figures, and so constrain the meanings people attach to them. Once we read the article, we dont find that Brown obviously said to be innocent, and needs our sympathy. The process relies totally on an ideal readers ability to deduce that from the list of his answer. Brown expresses his shock of what happed, he cant remember what actually happen, he is concerned for his career, he is trying to rescue his reputation, he is trying to stimulate the readers sympathy and forgiveness, he wants his audience to feel pity for him. Nevertheless, this indicates that what are being constrained are not only contents but also subjects: the process presumes an ideal reader who will certainly make the right deduction from the list, in another meaning to have the right idea about who Brown is. (Fa irclough, Ch. 3, pp. 44-5 Text 2 in appendix) We have to know that not all photographs have the same effect. Journalists usually are clever. They make an ideal choice of a photograph that gives one image of a scene or a person from many likely images. The selection is very significant because different images convey different meanings. In the example (D), we can see our attention is drawn particularly by Browns eyes and facial expression; he is looking in the right side with a broken hart and sad face. Notice the clear function of the caption. It leads us to feel sorry, pity, and sympathy with him. (Fairclough, Ch. 3, p. 45 Text 2 in appendix) Medias texts have a particular way of positioning and directing the reader towards the side that they like. The hidden power of the media text can be the journalist, the editor, or other people whom we dont know, and it is always manipulative and covert. (Fairclough, Ch. 3, pp. 46) Our last text 3 is concerned with social struggle in the discourse. Power in discourse or behind discourse is not enduring and undisputed characteristic of any individual or social grouping. Quite the opposite, those who practice power at a specific instant, have to continually reemphasize their power and authority, and those who dont have power are constantly likely to seek for power. This is a fact, whether at the level of the specific situation, or in terms of a social institution, or in terms of a whole society. According to Fairclough power at all these levels is won, exercised, sustained, and lost during social struggle. (Fairclough, Ch. 2 3, pp. 28, 57) Let us illustrate text (3) which is a good example where a struggle is overt and clear. It is an investigation situation where the interrogator is questioning the pensioner about his involvement in a crime. There are numerous ways in which (P) practices more supremacy over the discourse than anyone might imagine, goes beyond his discoursal rights and does not complete his obligations. Firstly, he challenges (I)s questions three times (turn 2, 4, and 6) rather than answering them immediately. Secondly, in (2 and 6) (P) asks questions that are not related at all to the situation and go beyond it, conversely, (I) is not answering (P), but he is asking him another question in order to keep him in the track. Lastly, it seems that (P) shows no sign of cooperation. He appears to treat the investigator as a peer, and act as if the interrogation is a normal conversation (2, 4, and 6), nevertheless, (I) success in maintaining a lot of control over the situation. While the struggle at the situa tional level is over power in discourse, struggle at the other levels may also be over power behind discourse. (Fairclough, Ch. 3, pp. 57-9 Text 3 in appendix) To sum up, I think this discussion was really useful and productive. At my work, I usually practice my power through the use of language because it can be used as a perfect instrument for practicing a power over others. For example, my pose exercises his power over me and I exercise my power over other employers who are under my authority. Accordingly, as I said at the opening of this essay language can either be empowering or disempowering depending on various reasons. It is wonderful what language can do. Appendix Text 1 Chris Brown appeared on Larry King with his attorney and his mother, Joyce Hawkins, who insists that Brown has never been a violent person. KING: Its Chris Brown exclusive, right now next, on LARRY KING LIVE. Good evening. With us tonight on LARRY KING LIVE are Chris Brown; his mother, Joyce Hawkins; and his attorney, Mark Geragos. Chris entered a guilty plea on June 22nd a deal that allowed him to avoid jail time. He pled guilty to felony assault after a widely publicized incident with his girlfriend, Rihanna. A second felony charge, making criminal threats, was dropped. And Chris was sentenced to five years probation and six months of community labor. We thank you all for coming. How are you doing? BROWN: Im good. Thank you. KING: This had to be the worst period of your life. BROWN: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.Possibly, yes. KING: Possibly BROWN: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Yes. KING: Are things calm for you now? Are you into it? BROWN: I think its more a relief now that everything is kind of all said and done as far as like what I have to do and emà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦whats going on. I think its no more .. no more media frenzy for them to kind of blow out of proportion anymore. KING: So youre glad its over? BROWN: Yes. KING: What did you plead explain, quickly, Mark, what he pled guilty to. MARK GERAGOS, DEFENSE ATTORNEY: Assault, basically, was what it is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a felony assault charge; sentenced to five years of probation; as you said, 180 days of what Judge Schnegg calls community labor. And he has to undergo a domestic violence program for one year. KING: And five years means youve got to be like perfect GERAGOS: It means he walks the straight and narrow for five years. And as Judge Schnegg said in court yesterday, shesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. shes a tough task master, but shes fair. KING: Were taping this a week before it airs, so its airing on this night, but that was yesterday, meaning last Tuesday. GERAGOS: That was. KING: And before we get into the meat of everything, Chris, how have you handled all this, Joyce? JOYCE HAWKINS, CHRIS BROWNS MOTHER: Its probably the most painful time of my entire life. Its been hard, really hard, seeing him going through the pain and everything that hes gone through, dealing with the media and dealing with the situation. Its been really hard. KING: Especially with all the pain youve had in your life. HAWKINS: Yes, along with that. KING: Which well get to later. But the labor-oriented service, what à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. what does it mean you have to do, Chris? This is back in Virginia, right? BROWN: Yes, back in Virginia. KING: What do you have to do? BROWN: I think they want me to do anythingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. anything from picking up trash on the side of the street, washing cars, graffiti removal, I mean anyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.anything. But its the law, so Im willing to do whatever they want me to do. KING: Is it fair? BROWN: To me, possibly everything comes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. everything comes with consequences. So I feel like definitely it is. And I have no misjudgment on what the judge has has has given me. So Im willing to do anything they ask. KING: So you feel its à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ its fair? BROWN: Yes. KING: Yes. The judge was very specific. She wanted labor involved in the punishment. BROWN: Yes. KING: What did that mean to you when she said that, hard work? BROWN: Hard work, yes, definitely. And Im a very hard worker, so that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ thats kind of .. I wouldnt say second nature, but its definitely something that Im willing to to do. As far as the actual what I have to do, I felt personally that, as far as not saying as as a celebrity, because I dont exclude myself and try to become like, oh, Im a celebrity so I shouldnt be punished. But I feel like with with what Im capable of doing as far as influencing people, influencing kids, the youth, I can do a lot more to help the community other than picking up trash. But I dont Im not saying picking up trash is something wrong. Im willing to do it. But Im just saying, I know I can do a lot more, which I intend to do, aside from our community service. KING: The sentencing judge, as I understand it, has not lifted a protective order the court imposed on you in connection with Rihanna. That means you cant be with her? BROWN: No, I cant. I cant communicate. Nothing. KING: Do you think thats fair? BROWN: Its kind of hard, definitely, because being her being my friend for so long and us being being that close of a friend, its kind of like, wow, like, not being able to see or talk to that person is kind of kind of difficult. And but its its also hard because were both in the same industry. We do we go to the same events. We KING: That you can do, right? BROWN: Yes, I can go to the same event. We havent (INAUDIBLE) KING: But you cannot go together? BROWN: Not not at all. We have to be like 10 yards away from each other, but I just feel like its harder, because were always in the same vicinity, and it leaves more because we have the protection order, it leaves more room for error. It leaves more room for people to start rumors and start start more stuff, like, oh, theyre together. Theyre not supposed to be together. And and it just kind of leaves more room for for problems. KING: You have to be real careful, right, Mark? GERAGOS: Yes, more than careful. I mean there was an incident a supposed incident in New York where the two of them unbeknownst to each other because they dont talk to each other are rumored to be at the same hotel. So before before we even verify it, I just tell him, move. So, you know, its almost Ive kiddingly joked, we almost have to put GPS chips into the two of them to figure out where the other one is at all times. KING: How well do you know Rihanna, Joyce? HAWKINS: Ive known Rihanna for four or five years. And KING: Do you like her? HAWKINS: erà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I like her, yes. KING: When the incident happened, how did it hit you? HAWKINS: Like I said, emà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I was devastated. I was really upset about the situation and really felt reallyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦erà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦em.. bad about this whole situation really KING: Were you shocked? HAWKINS: Very shocked. Very shocked. KING: Well get into all of it. During the sentencing, the judge said she was not immune from the chatter on the airwaves about meetings between you and Rihanna. BROWN: Yes. KING: Now, obviously, it upset her, right? BROWN: Yes. KING: Do you understand that part? BROWN: Yes, I understand that totally. Of course, like, the media, like Im not saying this media but the media, as far as like the the the immature media, you know KING: Immature media? BROWN: The immature media. I feel like its high school sometimes, how people just pride theirself on personal business. But like I feel like they they spun a lot of the stuff out of control, as far as with with the judge, with a lot of things, because everybody reads the newspapers. Everybody reads the blogs. Everybody reads stuff like thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.erà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦emà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦So its easily influenced when theres something thats already stated like it happened. KING: But what happened happened. BROWN: Yes. KING: And you were involved in what happened BROWN: Yes. KING: So you have to accept the consequences. BROWN: Definitely. GERAGOS: You know, the difference in this case and Ive been through a number of cases where there was media attention the difference in this case is the aftermath of the incident, where there was repeatedly just false stuff that would be printed. And major newspapers would put out things theyre they spent the weekend together here or they spent the weekend together there, which was just false. They werent even at one point, they said the two of them had spent the night together in one location. She wasnt even in the country. KING: Simply put, when was the last time you had contact with her? BROWN: Its been a couple months, because I think thats when the actual stay away order was in effect. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ erà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦So from there, we havent had contact at all. KING: Do you love her? BROWN: Definitely. KING: In love with her? BROWN: erà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦em..Definitely. KING: Would you spend a lifetime with her? BROWN: Would I spend a lifetime well, erà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I mean, emà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Im 20, so KING: No, well, lets say could you conceive of that down the road? BROWN: em.. I yes. KING: Well be right back with Chris Brown, Joyce Hawkins and Mark Geragos. Dont go away. Text 2 Media Text Does Chris Brown have amnesia? That sure looks like it when the RB singer spoke for the first time in public about the incident that rocked the entertainment world a few months ago When asked whether he remembers beating up his ex-girlfriend, Brown replies: No, I dont. Its like, its crazy to me. Im like, wow. Brown adds, When I look at the police reports or I hear about the police reports, I dont know what to think. I just dont know what to think. Its just like, wow. I just look at it like, wow, Im in shock, cause first of all, thats not who I am as a person. And thats not who I pride myself on being. (D) Text (3) Transcript from the series Criminal Minds was shown on Friday 1st January 2010, at 21:30, on MBC Action. It was an investigation between a prisoner and investigator: The investigator is showing some pictures for several dead girls. (I): Investigator: Why did you kill these girls? (P): Prisoner: Would you like to see a trick? (I): Investigator: How many girls did you kill? (P): Prisoner: pick a card. (I): Investigator: Where did you bury them? (P): Prisoner: Do you ever smile? It is hard to trust a person who does not smile.

Ansel Adams :: essays research papers

Ansel Adams   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ansel Adams was born in San Francisco, California and his very early interests were more in music and other things than in photography. He hoped to one day become a professional of some sort in this venue. Adams, known for his great pictures of the western side of the United States, first took pictures in Yosemite National Park in 1916. This experience was so touching to Adams, he took it as a life long view of inspiration. Every summer he returned to Yosemite National Park to take more pictures. He also developed an interest in the conservative movement going on in the United States at the time. By 1920, he had become part of the Sierra Club, a group that wanted to preserve the western beauties. In 1927, Parmelian Prints of the High Sierras was published. This was Adams' first portfolio. After marrying Virginia Best in 1928, Adams became a professional photographer for the Sierra Club. In 1930, after meeting Paul Strand, another photographer, Adams devoted his life to photography. 1931 was they year that his work was first put into the Smithsonian Institution. Adams and some other Western United States photographers all came together in 1932 to form a group called f/64. They were devoted to making technically flawless prints of nature and the wilderness. Adams opened a gallery of his work in 1933 in San Francisco, The Ansel Adams Gallery. He published many prints including his first, Making A Photograph. In the following years, Adams moved to the Yosemite Valley and explored the Southwest with fellow photographers, Edward Weston, Georgia O'Keeffe, and David McAlpin. Around the time of World War II, Adams got a job as a photomuralist in Washington DC for the Department of the Interior. During 1944 and 1945, Adams lectured and taught courses on photography at museums. This teaching was followed by the establishment of one of the first departments of photography at the California School of Fine Arts in 1946. Throughout 1950 he made trips to Hawaii, Alaska, and Maine, and in that year he published Portfolio 2: The National Parks and Monuments. Dorothea Lange collaborated with Adams on his next project on the Mormons in Utah. By 1955, he had created a workshop in Yosemite and published Portfolio 3: Yosemite Valley under the Sierra Club.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Adams pictures always were aimed at getting pure darks and lights to get a range of tones for perfect clarity.

Lord of the Flies – Piggy, Ralph, and Jack

Lord of the Flies: Piggy, Ralph, and Simon During English class, the eighth graders read Lord of the Flies. It is an adventurous novel about a group of school boys trying to survive on a lonely island. Each of the boys has their own personality and goals. While struggling to survive on the island, the boys' personalities show. My favorite character is Piggy. Piggy is a fat boy and wears glasses. He was raised by his aunt who owns a candy shop. Piggy represents the scientific, reasonable side of society.Although he is quite smart, the other boys like to make fun of him. All of the boys, that is, except Ralph. Ralph is another boy who is stranded on the island. Ralph is the athletic, charming character in the group. He is the first person Piggy runs into when they get to the island, and one of the few boys who do not make fun of him. Because of his kindness, he is elected leader of the group of boys. Ralph represents human beings’ civilizing instinct. Another one of my favorite characters is Simon. Simon is the shy, sensitive boy in Lord of the Flies.He behaves kindly toward the other kids. He is the only character whose sense of morality seems to stay the same. Simon represents a kind of natural goodness, as opposed to the evil of Jack and the imposed morality of Piggy. As all three of the boys are trying to survive, each of them have their own ideas, proven by their different roles. Each of them have their own thoughts, proven by the many arguments between each other. As every boy has his own personality, Piggy, Ralph, and Jack are my favorites.

Free Essays on Taiwan

Taiwan is a small island separated from the mainland of South China by the 100-mile Taiwan strait in the Pacific Ocean and is the seat of the Republic of China’s Government. The capital of Taiwan is Taipei and other major cities include Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichong, and Chilung. About one quarter of Taiwan’s land is cultivated including rice, wheat, sugarcane and sweet potatoes. Taiwan is officially known as the Republic of China and the estimated population is around 21,299,000 and the area’s landmass is around 13,885 square miles. Taiwan was created a long time ago when the Philippine ocean plate and the Chinese ocean plate crushed together to form the early shape of Taiwan, which was a long skinny island filled with peaks of mountains. After years of weathering conditions like winds and rains, Taiwan gradually flattened out into a smoother land. During that time, a small volcanic island on the Philippine ocean plate moved towards Taiwan and the two islands gradually came together. The land was fertilized by the waste of many sea birds and produced many plants and trees. During the ice age, the sea level dropped down almost 140 feet! So during that time a land bridge was formed between Taiwan and China, so before the ice melted again, many animals and some humans migrated to Taiwan by using the land bridge. After the ice melted the sea level rose again and many animals and humans were trapped in Taiwan. Taiwan was inhabited by aborigines of Malayan descent when Chinese from the areas now designated as Fukien and Kwangtung began settling it in the 7th century, becoming the majority. The Portuguese explored the area in 1590, naming it â€Å"the Beautiful† (Formosa). In 1624 the Dutch set up forts in the south, the Spanish in the north. The Dutch forced out the Spanish in 1641 and controlled the island until 1661, when Chinese general Koxinga took it over and established an independent kingdom. The Manchus seized the islan... Free Essays on Taiwan Free Essays on Taiwan Taiwan is a small island separated from the mainland of South China by the 100-mile Taiwan strait in the Pacific Ocean and is the seat of the Republic of China’s Government. The capital of Taiwan is Taipei and other major cities include Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichong, and Chilung. About one quarter of Taiwan’s land is cultivated including rice, wheat, sugarcane and sweet potatoes. Taiwan is officially known as the Republic of China and the estimated population is around 21,299,000 and the area’s landmass is around 13,885 square miles. Taiwan was created a long time ago when the Philippine ocean plate and the Chinese ocean plate crushed together to form the early shape of Taiwan, which was a long skinny island filled with peaks of mountains. After years of weathering conditions like winds and rains, Taiwan gradually flattened out into a smoother land. During that time, a small volcanic island on the Philippine ocean plate moved towards Taiwan and the two islands gradually came together. The land was fertilized by the waste of many sea birds and produced many plants and trees. During the ice age, the sea level dropped down almost 140 feet! So during that time a land bridge was formed between Taiwan and China, so before the ice melted again, many animals and some humans migrated to Taiwan by using the land bridge. After the ice melted the sea level rose again and many animals and humans were trapped in Taiwan. Taiwan was inhabited by aborigines of Malayan descent when Chinese from the areas now designated as Fukien and Kwangtung began settling it in the 7th century, becoming the majority. The Portuguese explored the area in 1590, naming it â€Å"the Beautiful† (Formosa). In 1624 the Dutch set up forts in the south, the Spanish in the north. The Dutch forced out the Spanish in 1641 and controlled the island until 1661, when Chinese general Koxinga took it over and established an independent kingdom. The Manchus seized the islan...

Facilitating A Change Of Care Services Social Work Essay Essay Example

Facilitating A Change Of Care Services Social Work Essay Essay Example Facilitating A Change Of Care Services Social Work Essay Essay Facilitating A Change Of Care Services Social Work Essay Essay Harmonizing to Sines A ; Saunders ( 2009 ) , alteration is something that is different from present status or visual aspect. There are different types of alterations and every alteration has it s ain impact. The evidences for proposed alteration can be skill mix, resettlement of services, entree and entitlement, referral systems, working status, staffing degrees, resource allotment, direction, professional functions, duties and answerabilities, reexamining and supervising systems throughout the organisations. Wallace A ; Webber ( 2006 ) have stated that, the chief intent of resettlement of service is to better the bing services. For illustration, the Department of Health has late improved the service for the veterans and badly injured service forces. Some of the principles for proposed alterations are described below: A new service along with an bing one may necessitate to be introduced. For instant, mix of accomplishments or new allotment of service may be necessary with an organisation. Development in engineering and other advancement put force per unit area automatically to organize alterations throughout the organisations. So, organisations have to undergo through a alteration procedure to get by with the new state of affairs. A new signifier of services come may be introduced as a consequence of alterations. For illustration, the full NHS construction is traveling to be digitized because of the technological betterment in the UK. Organizations frequently conduct public presentation assessment to supervise and command the quality of service to happen out the mistakes. If there is any, they try to work out that which can ensue alteration in service bringing. Etto ( 2009 ) has stated that the clients and consumers have an of all time altering outlook. So, service suppliers have to present new merchandises or services or better the bing one to vie with other organisations and the planetary market. For illustration, people may be given to acquire services from other states or private infirmaries if the services of NHS are kept unchanged where clients or patients expect more from them. Competition with other service suppliers helps to present alterations and it consequences satisfaction of the service users. Sometimes dramatic alterations in the organisations attract non-potential clients every bit good. Demographic alterations like addition the figure of aging people, addition of child birth or addition of critical disease will necessitate particular attention which will take wellness attention system to alter. Satisfaction degree can take organisation to alter if the degree is low. Community action groups which may be regarded as force per unit area groups are instrumental to convey alteration. It is noticeable ( peculiarly in local elections ) that a local representative may be elected based on support for a community undertaking, i.e. the edifice of a wellness clinic with the improved of programs to relocate services. New statute laws, Acts of the Apostless, policies and demands of these may impact the bing services which can take alterations. For illustration, harmonizing to the Protection of vulnerable grownups ( POVA ) or care standard act 2000 requires condemnable record agency ( CRB ) cheque before get downing their employment with vulnerable grownups, kids and households. 1.2 Assess possible benefits to staff, service users and communities of proposed alterations. Harmonizing to Senior A ; Swailes ( 2010 ) , alteration is a word which is indispensable in every domain of life particularly throughout the organisations because normally it brings efficiency, staff and client satisfaction. It besides cuts excess costs of the organisations, response times so that service users can acquire service rapidly. The section of wellness, NHS and some other organisations are conveying alterations in their organisations. Among them, the Department of Health has already laid down some marks, policy enterprises and organisational alterations ( both direction and structural alterations ) which have developed the quality of attention received by the patients. As a consequence, communities every bit good as all the staff and service users are being benefited from proposed alterations. Without this, Tanner A ; Harris ( 2008 ) have noted that, the section of wellness plants in partnership with everyone who are straight and indirectly involved with wellness and societal attention services. This organisation has focused on some of import issues to better the wellness attention services throughout the state and these are: A better partnership relationship among the carers, physicians, societal workers, GPs and patients. All the wellness attention professionals can now portion information among one another sing any patients. As a consequence, misinterpretation, confidentiality and patients public assistance etc. are now easy to accomplish. An improved procedure of commissioning. The section of wellness has guided to follow the commissioning procedure purely so that no life of any kids becomes insecure. So, the whole community is being benefited. Inter-professional and inter-agency coaction and teamwork. It is really unusual that a professional must be adept of everything. But if professionals from different background work together, can work out any job discussing with them. So, service users, service suppliers every bit good as the community are being benefited from this alteration. Harmonizing to Care Services Improvement Partnership ( 2008 ) and NHS ( n.d. ) , some of the cardinal benefits are given below: Improved wellness and emotional well-being controlled and improved quality of life Lead to develop accomplishments Greater assurance for the persons Make a positive part Choice, control and services which are built around the person. Freedom from favoritism Economic well-being for the service users Early intercession and personal self-respect 1.3 Identify challenges and suggest schemes for cut downing unwanted impacts. Harmonizing to Pasmore ( 2010 ) , there are many challenges to take into history while doing any alterations in an organisation. He stated that alterations and new things are non ever welcomed. For illustration, an agile and thin thoughts and patterns are introduced ( or proposed ) in established an organisation, the unfamiliar thoughts meet with opposition. Organizations may necessitate to supply some excess clip for employee battle. Challenges Research carried out by Fullan A ; A Ballew ( 2004 ) has found that the first challenge of alteration is fundamentally a high grade to defy something new. Harmonizing to them, people resist alteration because of fright of the unknown and may non understand what is go oning or coming following or because of disrupted wonts which leads them to experience disquieted to see the terminal of the old ways. In add-on, people may endure from loss of assurance or control because of alteration. They may believe, they are incapable of executing good under the new ways and things will be being done to you instead than by or with you footing. Employees may believe their current timetable demands to be changed and have to work excess in footings of physically and psychologically. They may believe that they will be humiliated because of alterations. Besides, staff may hold deficiency of intent non seeing a ground for the alteration and/or non understanding its benefits. All the things need to be considered before doing any alteration and avoid any unwanted impact. But still people may defy the alterations. There are many schemes to cut down unwanted impacts but the most suited scheme should be applied to certain job. Harmonizing to Sengupta et Al ( 2006 ) , schemes to cut down unwanted impacts can be normative re-educative scheme, power-coercive scheme, Rational-empirical scheme, power- adaptative scheme. Normative re-educative scheme: Sengupta et Al ( 2006 ) have defined this scheme as a scheme that believes the norms of the organisation s interaction-influence system ( attitudes, beliefs, and values in other words, civilization ) can be intentionally shifted to more productive norms by collaborative action of the people. It focuses on norms, alteration attitudes, and values of the organisation s members. But if attitude is changed, values and norms may act otherwise. One can see this in cultural alteration plans that organisations introduce and in this type of alteration persons participate in their ain re-education. Rational-empirical scheme: Sengupta et Al ( 2006 ) have stated that, this scheme begins from the premises that persons are rational and will follow their ain ego involvements when it is revealed to them. Change is based on the communicating of information and the proffering of inducements. Therefore alterations achieved by foregrounding to persons affected by the alteration that is consistent with their ain ego involvement to except the alteration. In other words single go along-with the alteration because they can see that it is in their ain involvements to make so. Power-coercive scheme: It is based on the application of power, whereby the procedure of influence is conformity ( Sengupta et al 2006 ) .This involves acquiring persons with less power to follow with the programs and the waies of those with the greater power. Environmental-Adaptive: Harmonizing to Sengupta et Al ( 2006 ) , people argue break and loss but they readily settle in to new conditions. Change is normally based on constructing a new organisation and bit by bit reassigning people from the old one to the new one. They suggested some cardinal checkpoints to cut down unexpected impacts for successful alterations which are given below: Benefit: it makes certain people involved see a clear advantage in the alteration. Compatibility: it keeps the alteration every bit near as possible to bing values and experiences. Simplicity: it makes the alteration every bit easy as possible to understand and utilize. Triability: it allows people to seek the alteration step-by-step, doing accommodations as they go. Making alteration inevitable: it creates a felt demand and urgency for alteration. A diagram to minimise the opposition of alteration is given below: Communication Training Employee engagement Stress direction Minimizing opposition to alter Coercion Negotiation Diagram: Minimizing opposition of alteration Question 2 2.1 Devise schemes and standards for reexamining alterations. Harmonizing to Estrella ( 2000 ) , measuring research study, weightening up the grounds and comparison alterations with one another can be really effectual manner to invent scheme and standards for reexamining alteration. There are many types of alterations such as subsystem alteration, transformational alterations, incremental alterations, remedial alterations, developmental alterations, planned alterations, emergent alterations, episodic alterations, uninterrupted alterations etc. These alterations can be reviewed on the footing of rating of research study. The rudimentss of research study can be descriptive research, study, successful samples, questionnaires, anticipation, insouciant account, panel survey, individual sample, rating etc. Different types of informations can be collected from these attacks such as attitudes, sentiments, beliefs, penchants, behaviors etc. Attitude: it means what people say they want Opinions: it reveals what people think might be true Beliefs: it means the things people know as truth Behavior: this is what people really do Demographic features: it represents what people are Preferences: it is that people might take Koontz A ; Weihrich ( 1990 ) have stated that, there are few basic inquiries which are asked to the people and these are normally linked to open response, partly unfastened response, closed response, semantic derived function graduated tables, understanding and evaluation graduated tables, ranking graduated tables, checklists etc. Wagess, costs and trust of people must be taken into history while reexamining alteration by studies. More people will assist to reexamine the impact of alterations if there are more reward options. Besides measuring dependability and cogency are really of import for reexamining alteration. There are many types of cogency like face cogency, content cogency, coincident cogency, discriminated cogency, prognostic cogency, concept cogency. Dependability can be test-retest dependability, internal consistence and sstability. Sampling theory is another scheme to reexamine alteration. This scheme helps to reexamine alteration by supplying a sample statistic or sam ple or nose count, placing the mark population, obtaining a manageable aggregation of objects to analyze and pproviding a qualitative representation of population features. It can besides supply a sample statistic to place the mark population. Data should be analyzed and coded at the terminal for a successful reappraisal of alteration. Therefore alteration can be reviewed. 2.2 Measure impact against agreed standards Harmonizing to Lock ( 2007 ) and Koontz A ; Weihrich ( 1990 ) , the Impacts within any organisation against agreed standards are really of import in footings of Staff satisfaction and Customer Satisfaction. Their satisfaction degree can be measured by appraising, questioning based on different issues e.g. what is their anticipation from the organisation, what needs to be improved, what should come to illume for their satisfaction etc. Staff satisfaction: Huber ( 2006 ) has explained staff satisfaction or employee satisfaction as a measuring of felicity of employees in footings of working environment and occupation functions. Staff satisfaction is really of import to a successful organisation as happy employees produce more results and make more satisfied clients. Organizations frequently need to alter their policy and constructions to be successful and to accomplish organisational ends and struggles and staff dissatisfaction may originate from here. As new things are non frequently welcome, so they may defy the alterations every bit good. But good employers know how to fulfill their employees and header with this state of affairs. Organizational alterations such as skill mix, working status, direction, resettlement of services, etc can take to considerable alterations in traditional functions and duties ( Holzemer, 2009 ) . It has psychosocial challenges for the employees in the form of occupation uncertainness, the feeling that one is non get the hanging the new work state of affairs or lacks the competency to make so and accordingly troubles in implementing alteration procedures and utilizing new work procedures. In these instances, efficient employers show direct and indirect benefits to their employees to avoid opposition e.g. cost effectivity, reduced occupation emphasis, speedy response clip, and effectual allotment of service. Customer satisfaction: The impact of proposed alteration on client satisfaction is an unintended effect or result of an intended scheme or action. Research from Cochran ( 2003 ) has found that client satisfaction is the most of import standards for an organisation to be successful. Department of wellness, NHS and some private infirmary have made some important alterations to their organisational construction and in footings of service bringing. So, clients are being served rapidly and they can entree to the service in a short period of clip. Customers are now acquiring improved wellness and emotional well-being, improved quality of life, Choice, control and freedom from favoritism, economic well-being, personal self-respect etc. 2.3 Evaluate overall impact of alterations. Pasmore et al explosive detection systems. ( 2009 ) and Cummings A ; Worley ( 2008 ) have noted that every alteration should hold positive outcome through the organisations. The overall impact of alterations in an organisation can be the efficiency of the employees, cost-benefit, instance completion, referral rates, waiting and response times etc. Efficiency of an organisation: Efficiency of an organisation means how effectual an organisation is to accomplish its ends ( Daft, 2009 ) . Every organisation should be more effectual after doing any alterations whatever it structural alteration, alteration in referral system or resettlement of services. Organizational efficiency chiefly relates to the usage of resources to accomplish best possible result which refers to the sum of resources an organisation uses in order to bring forth a unit of end product. An administration that maximises its resources in production without waste is an efficient organisation. For illustration, NHS and GP surgeries are now going more efficient in footings of service bringing. Now if a patient changes their appointment clip more often, their enrollment may be cancelled. They need to pay for re-registration. As a consequence, both clients and service suppliers are acute to keep their agenda purely. So, the NHS authorization may non hold to pay excess to the GPs and physicians for their unproductive plants. As a consequence, NHS ranked first topographic point among the states in footings of service bringing to the patients. Cost-benefit: harmonizing to Dompere ( 2004 ) , this is an thought that tries to repair if a undertaking worthwhile economically. The overall benefits should be greater than the costs. NHS as an illustration is concerned about the patients in footings of how they can be treated and the success rate of surgeries can be hundred per centum. The NHS authorization is besides concerned about the infirmary and surgery processs, how physicians, sawboness, nurses and other clinicians perform with the accomplishments and abilities. It is a authorities organisation. So, net income does non take into history but it needs to take into history that how many and what sorts of patients they have served and what is the result based on the cost. Though the connotation of NHS is non to do net income but they should equilibrate the cost with service result to be a cost effectual organisation. Referral rates: Baker et Al ( 2006 ) have stated that, referral system in wellness attention means holding a relationshipA between a primary wellness attention supplier and a higher-level infirmary during the transportation and discharge of a patient. In the UK, General Practioners ( GPs ) are responsible to see and for the primary diagnose of disease of a patient. If they fail to name or give a solution to the patient, so the patients are sent to higher degree infirmary where they are treated by the specializer physicians. The effectivity of a GP can be measured by the referral rates, wellbeing of the patients, figure of healed patients etc. Once it was a clip, the referral rates of the GPs were really high as sometimes they did non seek their degree best to function a patient. In that clip the GPs had no wagess in footings of service bringing. But now NHS has been re-structured and GPs who have high referral rates are marked as non-effective. So, they have to take compulsory prepar ation to increase their service result. Now, the overall referral rates are falling bit by bit and patients are acquiring good service because of these alterations. Waiting and response clip: Anon ( n.d. ) has shown that waiting and response clip of the patient is still significantly high though the section of wellness has been re-structured. But the overall waiting and response clip is falling twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours as the NHS is seeking to digitize the whole organisation. Besides, they have planned to work along with the private infirmaries to give the fastest and best possible attention to the patients. Question 3 3.1 cardinal demographic and societal tendencies in the Scotland. Demographic and societal tendencies in Scotland: Harmonizing to Paterson et Al ( 2004 ) , the population in Scotland has been declined somewhat during the last 20 old ages. Around 117000 people have been declined over the two decennaries. In add-on, the birthrate rate is the lowest in Scotland compared to the states in United Kingdom. The cardinal demographic tendencies are given below: Population tendencies: Harmonizing to General Register Office for Scotland ( 2001 ) and Paterson ( 2004 ) , the population in Scotland has fallen in the twelvemonth to 30 June 2002 to 5,054,800 which is 0.2 per cent less from the mid-2001 where there was a degree in the first half of the twentieth century. A natural lessening has been experienced from the twelvemonth of 1997. The mortality rate among the older people was significantly high compared to last four decennaries. The natural lessening ( 6,065 in 2001-02 ) was a bigger ground for population diminution. In add-on, Scotland s population is acquiring older which is projected to go on ageing. About 50 per centum of the people are now over 39, which are four old ages older compared to the twelvemonth of 1991. Anon ( n.d. ) A ; the nose count 2001 has shown that the entire occupants of Scotland were 5,062,011 until 29 April 2001 of which 48 % were male ( 2,432,494 ) and 52 % were female ( 26,29,517 ) . Children aged 15 and under ( about one million ) accounted were 19 % of the population. The population in Scotland was well low compared to England. Birthrate rates: Research carried out by Coyle et Al ( 2005 ) has found that the birthrate rates are in same status with the population tendency. It is the lowest among the Scots people and every adult female has 1.48 kids in norm. In 2002, the full figure of births ( 51,270 ) registered was the lowest of all time recorded. It is the 6th repeated twelvemonth where the figure has fallen with record. It shows the fact that big adult females are giving birth of fewer kids and holding them non at early age. As a consequence, norm completed household size fell less than two and was expected to drop farther for younger adult females after 1953. Birthrate rates in their 20s are small bit more than half the rate 40 old ages ago when rates for adult females aged over 30 have bit by bit increased. Scholars are unable to to the full understand the ground of low Scots birthrate rate. Data suggests that it may be the contemplation of life picks among the twosomes as house monetary values and the monetary value of day-to-day jobs are increasing twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. In add-on, double earning twosomes, hold maternity, low income, dislocation of relationship, faith difference etc. besides may be responsible for low birthrate rates. Migration: Harmonizing to Murphy ( 2004 ) , historically, Scotland is a state for the immigrant people. But it is noticeable that, migration rate in Scotland has been fallen aggressively during the last few decennaries. Data has shown that net out-migration from Scotland is much lower than forty old ages ago. Scotland experienced around 3,000 migrators loss in 1998 to rest of the UK. Figure shows that most of the people ( 15-34 ) are immigrating to England compared with Scotland. Population projections by the General Register Office for Scotland ( GRO ) based on a new baseline, assume a net emigration from Scotland of 1,000 a twelvemonth. Social tendencies: Research from to Paterson et Al ( 2004 ) has shown that, societal tendency in Scotland is well noticeable from the last two decennaries. The birth rate is being controlled really purely by the Scots twosomes. Once there was a tendency to give birth at early age among the adult females which is well low now. The family are interrupting into smaller sizes at recent old ages. The mean family size in Scotland was 2.31 people per family compared with 3.2 people per family in 1970s. Families are tended to pass more on services than goods. Family disbursement on services was more than 50 % of net domestic family outgo. They are now passing more money for travel and touristry compared to past old ages. Education rate from primary degree to higher degree has been increased during the recent old ages ( Gibson, 2008 ) . More than three-fifths of three and four-year-olds are in early twelvemonth s instruction now. The proportion of three and four twelvemonth olds enrolled in all schools in Scotland was 63 per centum triple the rate in 1970s. Scotland experienced a higher unemployment rate though the instruction rate is turning high. Unemployment rates for work forces and adult females are 8.1 % in Scotland which is 1 % higher than England. Harmonizing to The Scots authorities ( 2004 ) , Scotland has recorded the lowest figure of offense in 2001 which breaks the records of last 25 old ages. Wholly 385,509 offenses were reported over that twelvemonth for the first clip when the figure has dropped below 400,000. 3.2 Potential impacts of cardinal demographic and societal tendencies on wellness and societal attention service bringing and proviso in the Scotland. Harmonizing to Paterson et Al ( 2004 ) , there are some important impacts on wellness and societal attention service bringing because of the demographic and societal tendencies in Scotland. If current tendencies continue, the population will be reduced from five million in Scotland by the terminal of the decennary. It is an issue that reduces the reserved and devolved affairs. In add-on, it has some peculiar effects for the demand and supply of public services. On the other manus, they are going positive in footings of societal life in some instances. Some of the illustrations of these are elaborate below: Transport systems will necessitate to go accustomed for the altering demand due to East-West migration. Supply of school edifices and instructors or lectors will hold to accommodate to falling Numberss of immature people in some countries. For illustration, the figure of pupils in publically funded primary schools may fall by 19 % over the following decennary. Scotland has non merely a worsening but besides an ageing population which may take to a autumn in working-aged people. So, they need to be paid higher for and to supply services. For blink of an eye, an ageing population may set excess force per unit areas on National Health Service and they need pay excess cost for free personal attention of the aging people. The figure of offenses has been fallen significantly in Scotland. So, people are now more secured and authorities can cut down some excess cost while budgeting. It is notified that many people become injured by the felon. So, the health care services need to pay them but now this instances are lower than before which reduces wellness attention cost somewhat. The authorities may necessitate to apportion their resource freshly because of population alteration. Some wellness attention service may non be available locally and service users may necessitate to fight and confront trouble to acquire service. For illustration, major operations may non be performed locally. Relationship dislocation can a common issue because of late maternity which will make excess force per unit area to societal attention services. But societal services may non be available everyplace because of the little population in a peculiar country. A smaller supply of cardinal workers might steer to increase vacancies in some businesss and inflationary force per unit areas on their wages. 3.3 Appropriate service responses to likely alterations. Anon ( 2003 ) A ; Bloch ( n.d. ) have identified some countries which need to be considered to protect the negative alterations in Scotland. Some of these are given below: Scotland has got tonss of endowments and their instruction rate is satisfied and even better than some other parts in the UK but their employment rate is higher than other parts in the UK. Many alumnuss and fresh endowments are tended to travel from Scotland because of this ground. So, employment installation should be widened throughout the state. In add-on, new industries, offices etc. can be developed to pull the people with no occupation. Minimal rewards more than other parts of the UK can besides be positive. Unemployment rate among the older people is high and they are tended to go forth their occupations early which can do farther depression in life. They may non be able to go through their lazy clip by making nil at place which may take them to illness. As a consequence, authorities will hold to pay for their health care cost and that is excess load to National Health Services as most of the people depend on it. Research from Heponiemi et Al. ( 2007 ) A ; Bernklev et Al. ( 2006 ) have shown that unemployed older people are at higher hazard to go ill than the employed. Attractive wage, good and friendly working environment, available support during work clip, better pension strategy can increase the employability rate among the older people. Harmonizing to ONeill ( 2010 ) , debit and recognition card fraud was at record high in Scotland. About one out of nine was the victim of card fraud. So, occupants had deficiency of fiscal security which leaded them to travel someplace else. So, equal protection must be facilitated throughout the state to cut down this tendency. Motherhood is being delayed across the state. The ground for this is to take fewer kids than earlier as monetary value of day-to-day life things are lifting twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. Besides, double earning households are turning. Mothers may necessitate to away from work for long clip because of maternity which can make barrier in her calling. So, safe pregnancy should be ensured to cut down this tendency. Besides, adult early birth can be encouraged by socially and profit can be considered for this. A Tax inducements can be implemented widely to promote holding more kids among the twosomes. Facilitating uniting parentage and full-time employment can be an advantage every bit good. Migration regulations can be loosening to come in in Scotland for the legal people for cultural and religion mix. Peoples are tended to populate in multi-cultural states more than individual cultural and faith states. Without this, legal migrated people can lend to better local economic system which can assist to cut down the unemployment rate. Religion balance, improved health care installation, societal and political stableness, improved security in societal and fiscal life will besides be a important impact to halt the negative alterations in Scotland.