A Study Of Nanofiber Technology Environmental Sciences Essay

The common acknowledgment to nanotechnology is â€Å" engineering to bring forth something with the characteristic by commanding the atom and molecule in the graduated table from 1nm to 100nm to alter the construction and agreement of the substance. Therefore, Nanofibers are define as fibre with diameter more than 100nm. Nanofibers are produced by Electrospinning and interfacial polymerisation. The most frequent stuff with nanofiber morphology are Ti dioxideA ( TiO2 ) , A Si dioxideA ( SiO2 ) , Zr dioxide ( ZrO2 ) , A aluminium oxideA ( Al2O3 ) , A Li titanate ( Li4Ti5O12 ) , A Ti nitrideA ( TiN ) orA platinumA ( Pt ) . Electrospinning is a procedure uses an electrical charge to pull really all right fibres from a liquid. Electrospinning portions the feature of both electrospraying and conventional solution dry spinning of fibres. The advantages is that Electrospinning procedure does n't necessitate the usage of curdling chemical science or high temperature to bring forth. Therefore the procedure is suited for production of fibres utilizing big and complex molecules. Nanofiber can be used in many Fieldss such as filtration, such as HVAC system filters, HEPA, ULPA High efficient filters, Air, oil, fuel filters for automotive, Filters for drink, pharmaceutics and medical applications. Furthermore, nanofiber can utilize in making fabric for fabric. For illustration, athletics dresss, athletics places, outerwear and many more. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nanotech-now.com/images/nanofiber-large.jpg Nanofiber in high efficiency filtration application Nanofibers presents had been introduced into a new degree of public presentation that is is the air filtration. Due to the feature of nanofiber holding the thickness equal to merely several nanofiber diameters and was laid on a hempen substrate that to boot serves as a safety filter. The tenuity of the nanofiber bed coupled with fiber denseness considerable increase the fractional efficiency of the filter media with no important negative impact on permeableness to air flow. These type of constellation met the demand to bring forth high efficiency filtration. Common advantages of nanofibers in air filtration There are two primary map for polymeric nanofiber webs usage in filtration application. The advantage of nanofiber in air filtration is that it heighten the efficiency of the base stuff, making a composite media with good handling belongingss and good efficiency for many industrial and engine-related application. Furthermore, nanofiber is more thin in comparing with other method that is through the application of charged meltdown fibre. The 2nd advantage is that, polymeric nanofibre webs improve the surface lading behaviour of typical filtration stuff. When the filtration is utilizing other method, when clip base on balls, the peculiar affair become profoundly embedded in the hempen construction, finally it will forestall the air flow. But when polymeric nanofiber web is applied to the upstream side of the filter medium, the particulate affair is caught at the surface of the nanofiber web. The grounds why nanofiber web is better is because that the surface lading behavior allows the filter to be cleanable through standard mechanism like back forcing or agitating. Solidity and nanofibers in air filtration In nanometer scope of nanofiber, the consequence of faux pas flow at the fibre surface has to be taken into accouint. Due to the faux pas at the fibre surface, the draw force on a fiber is smaller than in the instance of non-slip flow which turn into lower force per unit area bead. In the other manus, the faux pas flow makes the part of the air fluxing near the fibre surface larger than that in the instance of non-slip flow, which translates into more atoms going near the fibre. This cause in higher diffusion interception and inertial impaction efficenceies. The function of solidness is complicate, as it affects both force per unit area bead and efficiency in the same way. When solidness addition, drag per unit length of fibre besides addition. Diffusion and interception is taken into history for high efficiency as they are the dominant mechanisms near the most acute atom size. We can state that, withing the locality of the most acute atom size, the figure of MERIT below show that decreased with increased of solidness The figure of MERIT show that different solidnesss for nanofibre media at 10.5fpm Dust Collector Applications Recently, dust aggregator had been introduce to the nanofiber engineering to pin down more dust on the surface of the filter than the conventional trade good types of filter media such as depth-loading cellulose, polyester or cellulose/polyester blend The procedure of the dust aggregator can be describe on the figure below The dust aggregator cartridge filter play the of import function of the filtration. There are may type of cartridge available. There are Ultra-Web merchandise from the Donaldson where it supply alone filtration efficiency. The advanced surface filtration engineering ensures longest life and lowest operation force per unit area bead in scope of cartridges. It is a high public presentation option to commodity-type pleated cellulose or cellulose/synthetic blended media that captures submicron dust atoms on the surface of the media. Nanofiber is a cellulose/synthetic composite media that forms a web-like cyberspace of really all right fibres 0.2 to 0.3 micrometers in diameter. Cellulose and intermix media have fibres at least 10 micrometer in diameter and big pores between fibres ( up to 60 micrometer ) that allow dust to perforate deep into the media, rapidly stop uping and cut downing filter life. Decision Although there are differing sentiments among the experts on the topic sing the planetary supply of oil, even the most optimistic of them predict that the planetary production of conventional oil is likely to top out sometime between 2010 and 2020 [ 10 ] . If we are to be prepared for this inevitableness we must speed up our acceptance of alternate fuels so we are at least prepared to run into the challenge when it arises. With its ubiquitousness in the existence and on our planet and its possible as one of the cleanest and most efficient fuel beginnings available to us, H is the obvious pick as our following basic beginning of energy, and the fuel cell is the obvious replacing for the internal burning engine. In order to show in this new epoch of energy, many obstructions must be overcome and many new technological progresss must be developed into feasible solutions. One such application that has been demonstrated to hold immense potency in this way is that of C nanofibers as a H storage medium for fuel cells, peculiarly in the transit sector. There is still a long manner to travel and much work to be done, but in this writer ‘s sentiment it is clip to get down the undertaking of turning the positive consequences born of research into the feasible solutions born of technology. Beside that, nanofiber engineering besides contribute in the air filtration. The importance of this is because filtration can do the air cleaner prevent the air from polluted. The nanofiber with the characteristic with the diameter that are less than 1000nm successfully barricade the particulate affair on the surface of the nanofiber web. It believes that, with the farther researching on nanofiber, many advantages and use will be discovered in the hereafter. Hydrogen Storage Medium for Fuel Cell with Carbon Nanofibers in Transportation Sector Introduction to the H as fuel cell: Nowadays, as the planetary issues has become a serious fact to human being, as high outlook to a renewable, environment-friendly and carbon-zero emanation energy beginnings, H have became the best future new energy beginning. The benefit of utilizing the H: Illimitable measures as H2O screen more than 70 % of the Earth The burning of H merely produces H2O and heat as byproduct Therefore H is really suited to be used for vehicle power beginning. Although H can be generated on-board a vehicle by reforming methyl alcohol or other type of hydro-carbons, but a better manner, that is store pure H on-board the vehicle without any reformation procedure required. The challenge of utilizing H fuel cell in automotive application: The H storage system should be safe The H storage system should be light and do non act upon the efficiency of the system by its weight. There are several methods to hive away the H: Compressed H gas Liquid H Gas-on-solid physical surface assimilation We can explicate the efficiency by wt % , which mean the ratio of stored H weight to the entire storage system weight of a vehicle. The compress H method: Disadvantage in safety due to the involved of force per unit area to compact the H. Suffer to the permeableness and embrittlement ( doing it brickle ) of the metal armored combat vehicle due to high force per unit area. These method merely can accomplish 2wt % with conventional storage armored combat vehicle and 5wt % utilizing expensive C fiber-wrapped polymer armored combat vehicles. Liquid H Safer to compact storage system due to low force per unit area demand Disadvantages in possible loss through vaporization Require energy and insularity to maintain the H in liquid province Merely achieve 3wt % . Gas-on-solid surface assimilation Investigated with C nanostructures ( C nanofibers ) A procedure which a gaseous substance condenses on the free surfaces of a solid The procedure merely affect weak molecular force ( Eg: Van der Waals force ) , the input energy is minimized. Gas-on-solid surface assimilation can accomplish upwards of 15wt % and more. How the Fuels Cells Function? The cell consists of an anode and cathode, and electrolyte in between to let positive ions to go through through. The H fuel is fed to anode and the atmospheric O is fed to the cathode. When activated by accelerator ( Pt on the cathode ) , the H atom separate into negatron and protons. The negatrons take a way through an electrical circuit and burden, while the protons take a way through the electrolyte. When the negatrons and protons run into once more at the cathode, they recombine along with the O atoms to bring forth H2O and heat. This procedure required changeless supply of H and hence, the H should hive away in a safe and efficiency manner. Carbon Nanofibers Carbon nanofibers consist of spiral like fibres made up of really little graphite sheets that are stacked in specific constellations and separated by distances of 0.335 – 0.342 nanometer. Hydrogen has a kinetic diameter of 0.289 nanometers, which is somewhat smaller than the 0.335 – 0.342 nm interlayer spacing in C nanofibers. To fix the C nanofibers for H surface assimilation, C nanofibers are placed in a vas and exposed to hydrogen under force per unit areas of 120-130 standard pressure at room temperature, the H slips between the graphite sheets of the C nanofibers and adsorbs to surface of the C beds. During the procedure, drosss metal and chemisorbed gases are carefully removed. The diagram above represent the H adsorbing between the graphite sheets of C nanofiber. A H lattice parametric quantity of 0.35 nanometer has been observed following the broadening of the interlayer spacing of the C nanofibers and formation of subsequent beds of H. Since this measuring is smaller than the mensural majority hexagonal stopping point jammed lattice parametric quantity of 0.376 nanometers for H, it has been proposed that the unique construction of the C nanofibers suppresses the mobility of the H and causes it to follow an remarkably extremely jammed province, which does much to explicate the high storage degrees that have been systematically measured. Upon controlled release of the force per unit area, the H desorbs from the C nanofibers and is released as molecular H gas. While the rate of surface assimilation is comparatively slow, on the order of hours, adequately fast desorption rates of ~57 mlA?/min have been reproducibly demonstrated. Analysis of the discharged gas indicates that H is so the lone constituent nowadays and therefore that there are no inauspicious reactions happening between the C nanofibers or any drosss and the H throughout the procedure. It should be noted that in finding the adsorptive capacity of the nanofibers it was discovered that non all of the adsorbed H is released in the desorption procedure at room temperature under atmospheric conditions. This fraction of strongly held H that is retained has been attributed to a comparatively little sum of chemosorption occurring, and has been confirmed through high temperature experiments on dismissed C nanofibers utilizing N and a thermic conduction sensor. The C Nanofiber Hydrogen Fuel Tank The principle application of a C nanofiber H storage medium is in a fuel armored combat vehicle for an incorporate on-board fuel cell system with a polymer electrolyte membrane ( PEM ) fuel cell stack at its nucleus and a H supply stored as adsorbed H in a pressurized armored combat vehicle incorporating C nanofibers. The PEM fuel cell is ideal for automotive applications because it operates at comparatively low temperatures and can change its end product to run into changing power demands. In this system, the H storage armored combat vehicle consists of a steel or composite armored combat vehicle or case shot filled with vapor adult C nanofibers with adsorbed H nowadays. The fresh armored combat vehicle is kept pressurized at about 100-120 standard pressure to keep the adsorbed province of the H. The armored combat vehicle is connected to the fuel cell via a regulated force per unit area nose assembly controlled by the onboard computing machine that monitors the system. As the fuel cell demands hydrogen through the normal operation of the vehicle, the force per unit area in the fuel armored combat vehicle is decreased and gaseous H is released through the nose assembly and directed to the fuel cell cathode for contact action and subsequent current coevals. The rate of release is variable harmonizing to energy demands and can change from zero to the maximal desorption rate available from the C nanofibers via incremental depressurize. Based on these computations ensuing in peculiarly light fuel armored combat vehicles full of H adsorbed on C nanofibers, and the fact that the surface assimilation procedure is much slower than the desorption procedure, it is suggested that the construct of replenishing the vehicle at a service. In this mode, the long surface assimilation times are relegated to the provider of the fuel and non to the consumer. Additionally, any wear or dislocation of the C nanofibers that may happen can be monitored and those units that have deteriorated beyond utility can be recycled. Decision Although there are differing sentiments among the experts on the topic sing the planetary supply of oil, even the most optimistic of them predict that the planetary production of conventional oil is likely to top out sometime between 2010 and 2020 [ 10 ] . If we are to be prepared for this inevitableness we must speed up our acceptance of alternate fuels so we are at least prepared to run into the challenge when it arises. With its ubiquitousness in the existence and on our planet and its possible as one of the cleanest and most efficient fuel beginnings available to us, H is the obvious pick as our following basic beginning of energy, and the fuel cell is the obvious replacing for the internal burning engine. In order to show in this new epoch of energy, many obstructions must be overcome and many new technological progresss must be developed into feasible solutions. One such application that has been demonstrated to hold immense potency in this way is that of C nanofibers as a H storage medium for fuel cells, peculiarly in the transit sector. There is still a long manner to travel and much work to be done, but in this writer ‘s sentiment it is clip to get down the undertaking of turning the positive consequences born of research into the feasible solutions born of technology.

Research-based Strategies for English Language Learners Essay

Today, it is common in schools to combine English language learners of differing ability in one class. Students are classified according to their English language ability in order to facilitate cooperative learning groups and to track their progress. A student’s English language ability can be classified into ELL (Emergent language learner) – someone who has just begun learning English, Limited English Proficient (LEP) – someone who has reached a level between Basic Interpersonal Communication (BIC) that permit the student to intermingle with peers on a social level and Cognitive Academic Language (CALP) that allows the student to intermingle at a deeper level with content, and Native English speaker –someone whose first language is English. This arrangement can present many obstacles learning. Teachers will be up to more challenging tasks in creating a language receptive classroom where all students could reach their highest potential in learning. The teacher should create a classroom environment where students would feel comfortable in trying a new language. Adapting to language and culture is very difficult and could take years. The teacher should also foster an environment that is respectful of language and culture. Ideally; it should be free from taunting and embarrassment. An interactive classroom should open more opportunities for ELL to use English in communicating with native speakers. They need to experiment with new language terms and test their ideas of putting words together. In addition, certain strategies have been found to be particularly helpful in providing a learning community where everyone has access not only to learning English, but also the content. This paper determines to examine the effectiveness of these strategies according to current researches and to examine the implementation of these strategies to English language learners. These strategies could help even the most season teacher and the inexperienced ones. Pre-instruction activities Pre instruction activities help students acquire new knowledge by building on the English language learner’s prior knowledge. These activities are of assistance for all the students in the classroom to get ready for the new information. Some of the things that can be employed as pre-instruction activities that can be used are semantic webs, graphic organizers, timelines and charts and graphs. These strategies determine where the students stand in relation to the content of the upcoming lesson. Pre-instructional materials help prepare the student to learn new lessons. Semantic webs, graphic organizers and K-W-L charts are useful for students in organizing their thoughts and ideas. These pre instruction activities can be used daily, building on the prior knowledge and adding more and more information to store knowledge. Pre-instruction activities also stimulate critical thinking through the development of charting and mapping skills, Graphic organizers, webs and charts can also help students understand the relationship of information being presented and the application of that information. (Reiss, 2006). K-W-L chart is an example of a graphic organizer. K -W-L is an instructional activity for supplementing framework development and constructing meaning from text to students. This tool can be used for all levels of students. This chart is usually introduced in kindergarten. This instructional activity basically consists of three parts. For example, the students are asked to identify what they previously KNOW about the lesson. Second, they would be lead to what they WANT to know about the lesson. Lastly, the students identify what they have LEARNED from the lesson. Through this activity the student trigger his stored knowledge for the lesson, he becomes caught up in the discussion and becomes more focused in learning the lesson (Allen, 2004). Another pre-instruction activity is to provide the key words and phrases relevant to the upcoming lesson. Providing these key words to the students before the lesson or even during the discussion can excite the student to encounter the vocabulary in the lesson. If the students have them early then they can use a simplified English or bilingual dictionary to learn the meanings and familiarize themselves with the words. This approach also helps students identify prior knowledge about the topic from their native languages. If the students are familiar with the there is a better chance of interest and recognition since they have some idea of the content. The students actively learn in using pre-instruction activities evading being a â€Å"passive learner† who memorizes all of the information. The teachers need to directly instruct and exhibit how to use the charts and graphs and how to manage the information. These tools can prove to be important for all students as review materials comes exam time, but most importantly to the ESL (English Second Language) and ELL (English Language Learners) students to be able to put their information together and understand how that information works together for them (O’Loughlin & Haynes, 1999). The result of the pre-instruction activities can remove much of the uneasiness and frustration of learning new concepts and lessons because students would feel that they are as competent as everyone in building their own prior knowledge. Visual Aids, Realia, Maps, Pictures, Multimedia Using these materials makes it easier for students to easily learned new concepts by seeing the relationships of concepts and concretes. Even if all the students are of differing English ability level they can all get the meaning of words represented by visuals. Using images and media also heightens the interest of students and creates a fun atmosphere for learning. Images, objects and body movements keep the students interested and focused, help them make connections and commit to memory language that they are learning. Films, videos, and audio cassettes with books allow students to visualize and make connections to what is being taught. For example, film-viewing prior to the discussion of lesson help students recalls more vividly the information from the film relating to the lesson (O’Loughlin & Haynes, 1999). â€Å"Realia is a term for any real, concrete object used in the classroom to create connections with vocabulary words, stimulate conversation, and build background knowledge† (Herrell, 2000). Schools organize to collect funds for realias that teachers and students can use. . Teachers can use models, photographs, illustrations, and artwork when the real object is inaccessible or is impractical. The use of realia can also be a model way to study different cultures included in a lesson. For example, in studying the eating habits of some culture a set eating utensils and kitchen appliances (chopsticks, a tortilla press, a tea set, a wok) can build vocabulary and increase comprehension. Another good example is the study of different clothing items from different cultures. (Herrell, 2000) It would also be helpful to label everything in classroom so that newcomers see the names of objects in the school environment. Incorporating posters, photos or graphs is another way to encourage comprehension and development in students as well. These items can encourage understanding through illustrating the concepts and meanings of the topics/words (Reiss, 2006). Multimedia can be used to teach parts of speech such as verbs, adjectives, etc. Multimedia clips such as films show the use of language in actual use exposing the conversational use of language to increase the student’s ability to use English in a conversation. Audio clips also helps students learned the correct pronunciations of letters and words. The learning outcome of this strategy is that a student is more likely to find the support and understanding in the lessons and the content that is being introduced. They are able to make the connection easier through the combined audio and visual exposure. Graphic representations, the use the words/phrases in pictures, videos, audio, etc., aid in the effort of reinforcing the verbal and the written word and encourage content comprehension of the students (Reiss, 2006). Cooperative Groups, Peer Coaching Cooperative learning can be successful for all students at all academic levels and learning styles. Cooperative learning involves student participation in small-group learning activities that promote positive interactions. Cooperative learning makes sense for teachers because all students are given frequent opportunities to speak and because a spirit of cooperation and friendship is fostered among classmates. (Cochran, 1989) Students benefit through a shared learning activity, from observing how their peers learn. Face-to-face verbal interactions is advantageous for English language learners because it promote communication that is natural and meaningful (Johnson, Johnson & Holubec, 1994) Teachers take several roles in planning cooperative learning. First, teachers make pre-instructional decisions about grouping students and assigning appropriate tasks. Teachers have to be able to fully explain the academic tasks and the grouping structure and roles to students and then must observe and get involved when necessary. Finally, the teacher is also the one who is responsible for evaluating the group and individual performance as well as the effectiveness of each group’s work (Cohen, 1998). Teachers do have to spend time in planning for cooperative learning to work. But, as illustrated in the example, once cooperative learning is organized the activities can be done again and again in different settings and in different content areas (Yahya & Huie, 2002). Cooperative learning is valuable when students have an interesting thought through task such as a set of discussion questions about a story they just read, producing a mental map of the story, or making up a puppet show to highlight character traits. Cooperative learning groups or peer coaching promotes a positive outcome when everyone involved understands the underlying purpose of this method. These methods are effective and successful because students tend to listen to one another and motivate one another to learn (NWREL, 2003). The value of cooperative learning and peer coaching strategy is to effectively promote the transfer of group ideas to individual learning. Repeat and Rephrase The repeat and re-phrase technique works by emphasizing key words and phrases in the discussion. Repetition is a key part of learning. The more times information is repeated. It is more likely that information will be easily recalled. Repeating the statement or question and re-phrasing it can illuminate the discussion. This strategy also helps in the student’s deeper understanding of the lesson. Much repetition and paraphrasing is required in this strategy. The teacher’s key role is to highlight the ideas that have already been discussed and modify them to give the same meaning, but a new understanding of the same idea. Through this the teacher could help students see the connection and transformation of the old information to a new one. The repeat and re-phrasing method is successful for instructions or classroom discussions. When speaking, the teacher needs to make sure that they articulate clearly and slowly, not making unnatural sounds to distinguish between important words or phrases; but placing a natural emphasis on the key words. Repeating frequently and paraphrasing the important information ensures that the concepts are comprehended. (Dunlap, Weisman, 2006) For example while discussing the teacher can repeat the central ideas or elaborate them over an extended period of time, for the purposes of emphasizing them for their students or slowly rephrase them in simpler terms to be more understandable. In this strategy the teacher could ask a question or utter a statement â€Å"Lisa sits quietly while listening to the teacher†. The teacher raises a question to repeat the concept. â€Å"Can Lisa listen to the teacher if she’s noisy†? If the student does not understand, the teacher can ask the same question, but in a different form, â€Å"Can you listen to our discussion if everyone is noisy?† In repeating and re-phrasing, the goal is to enhance a student’s independence in understanding and comprehension. The use of repetition can be a consistent reminder of the information that has been introduced, making sure that the students pick up on the concepts. (O’Loughlin, Haynes 1999) Using this strategy enables the teacher to associate interrelated concepts by changing their structure into a sentence or question and further rephrase and repeat these but still arriving at the same answer. Music and Jazz Chants One of the most powerful English language learning strategies is the use of music and jazz chants because music is universal to all languages. Every culture sees music as a form of self expression. Jazz chants help non-native learners get the â€Å"feel† of American English. The student learns the stress, rhythm and intonation patterns by imitating them. It’s a very effective and pleasurable way to learn. Songs are often easier to remember than just plain words and sentences. Jazz chants stimulate and appeal to multiple senses of learning. They also use the rhythmic presentation of the natural language which is important to successfully speaking English (Tang & Loyet, 2004). Helping non-native speakers develop confidence in their pronunciation abilities requires that they have a good understanding of speech rhythms in English. These students need reading practice for fluency and pronunciation. Jazz chants and music are a fantastic way of practicing. This method also works for memorization. For example, it is much easier to memorize the English alphabet using the alphabet song learned in Kindergarten. Music is effective in memorizing long lists such as periodic tables, alphabets, numbers, etc. This method can be used to introduce long concepts without anxiety. Students remember information in the form of song, and sometimes tossing in a little dance or hand movement for fun. Teachers frequently use this activity as a method of memorizing information and pronunciation (Short, 1991). Adding a tune or rhythm to a poem, a verse or a series of regular words and sentences can make it an engaging way to learn to read and remember (Bridges, Wright, 2006). For example, a teacher could choose a song such as Ella Fitzgerald’s wonderful rendition of the classic â€Å"Blue Moon,† a song that is not only beautiful but also practical for its interesting lyrics and a clear singing style. First is to start creating a close exercise (i.e. fill-in-the-blank) and leave empty spaces for words that will challenge students to listen carefully. The teacher would need to play the song two or three times depending on the difficulty of the exercise or questions about vocabulary (e.g. â€Å"adore† not â€Å"a door.†) When the close exercise is complete, play the song again the students would sing along with it. The next activities may include a scrutiny of the lyrics on a literary or grammatical level or an open discussion about the historical significance behind the idea of the â€Å"Blue Moon,† or an introduction to the music (both literal and figurative) of Ella Fitzgerald may prove interesting to students. (Roberts, M. 2007). Most people have had a song that is always playing in his head every now and then. Jazz chants just do that. They play continuously in the students’ heads even after class ends. Students remember the lyrics of songs, more than likely, for a long time. Songs will help students to learn long string of words. Students are receptive using this method and this makes the information easy to acquire and retain. Students generally join eagerly in activities like jazz chants because of the unique and fun way of learning the lesson unaware that they are learning. The result of this strategy is longer memory retention of information for the English language learners. If a song is playing in their heads over and over again, information is retained and can be easily access by the teacher (O’Loughlin, J. & Haynes, J.1999). Conclusion These English language learner strategies are proven to effectively helps teachers facilitate learning and to efficiently retain language information to non-native learners. The methodology of carrying out these strategies would be very successful if they are done properly. The techniques that have been reviewed are essential to the success of an ELL classroom. However, there is no perfect strategy for every student or teacher. Teachers must carefully examine the needs of each student and each of their receptivity to learning new information. From there, the teacher would be able to generate a strategy that would be optimal for learning for all the students. These strategies are very helpful and best used simultaneously to expose students to different pathways to learning new information. There are many more strategies out there for teachers of ESL and ELL students. Teachers could also create their own strategies in delivering lesson plans. The teacher’s most important tasks is to foster interactivity by creating a learning atmosphere in the classroom and to uphold the value of respect for differences in language ability and culture. These strategies are effective because it is synchronized on how the brain process new information that is to build on prior knowledge, classical repetition of central ideas, and an abstract-concrete connection for visual aides. They are also fun and interactive such as multimedia, cooperative learning and music and jazz.   They help eliminate the anxiety of ELLs in learning a new language. They also become more receptive and interested in learning because these are fun and enjoyable References Allen, J. (2004). Tools for Teaching Content Literacy. Portland, ME: Stenhouse Publishers. Retrieved on March 30, 2008 from http://www.u-46.org/dbs/roadmap/files/comprehension/4KWL.pdf Bridges, L. & Wright, A. (2006). Using jazz chants for bilingual/ESL students. Retrieved March 29, 2008 from http://litsite.alaska.edu/uaa/workbooks/jazzchants.html Cohen, E.G. (1998). Making cooperative learning equitable. (Realizing a positive school climate.) Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Retrieved March 29, 2008 from http://www.ncela.gwu.edu/pubs/classics/pig/12allenglish.htm Cochran, C. (1989). Strategies for involving LEP students in the all-English-medium classroom: A cooperative learning approach. Washington, DC: National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education. Retrieved March 29, 2008 from http://www.ncela.gwu.edu/pubs/pigs/pig7.htm Herrell, A. L. (2000). Fifty Strategies for Teaching English Language Learners. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill. Retrieved March 29, 2008 from http://multilingual.fresno.k12.ca.us/eld/eldg1/ELD%20Rec.Strategies.pdf Dunlap,C. Z. & Weisman, E. M. (2006). Helping English language learners succeed. Huntington Beach: Shell Educational Publishing. Johnson, D. W., Johnson R. T., & Holubec, E.J. (1986). Circles of learning: Cooperation in the classroom. Edina, MN: Interaction Book. Retrieved March 29, 2008 from http://www.ncela.gwu.edu/pubs/classics/pig/12allenglish.htm NWREL. (2003). General principles for teaching ELL students. Retrieved March 29, 2008 from http://www.nwrel.org/request/2003may/general.html O’Loughlin, J. & Haynes, J. (1999, April). Strategies and activities for mainstream teaching. Tell Training Manual. Retrieved March 29, 2008, from http://www.kennesaw.edu/tell/tell_manual.htm Reiss, J. (2006). 102 Content strategies for english language learners: Teaching for academic success in Grades 3-12. Columbus, Ohio: Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. Roberts, M. (2007). Music really plays in ESL classes. Retrieved March 29, 2008, from http://esl-programs-lessons.suite101.com/article.cfm/music_really_plays_in_esl_classes Short, S (1991). Integrating language and content instruction: strategies and techniques. Tang, F., & Loyet, D. (2004). Celebrating twenty-five years of jazz chants. Retrieved March 29, 2008, from http://www.nystesol.org/pub/idiom_archive/idiom_fall2003.html The Center for Excellence in Learning and Teaching (CELT) at Stony Brook University (n.d.). Tips for teaching ELL’s: Strategies for promoting success for the second language learner in grades K-12. Retrieved March 29, 2008, from http://www.celt.sunysb.edu/ell/tips.php#Strategy_12 – not in text Yahya, N. & Huie, K. (2002). Reaching english language learners through cooperative learning. The Internet TESL Journal, 8(3). Allen, J. (2004). Tools for Teaching Content Literacy. Portland, ME: Stenhouse Publishers. Retrieved on March 30, 2008 from http://www.u-46.org/dbs/roadmap/files/comprehension/4KWL.pdf

Industrial Revolutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Industrial Revolutions - Essay Example According to Read and LeBlanc, current methods such as intrauterine devices (IUDs) and oral pills have high proven effectiveness (63). These methods reduce the rate of fertility in human beings and limit the likelihood of conception during the period of their consistent use. Some contraceptives such as oral pills, according to Read and LeBlanc can impact the health of newborns, especially if they are used for birth control in extensive period of time (65). Induced abortion limits fertility not by impacting fecundability but by flushing out the pregnancy. The practice has for long been the order of the day in populations and is fairly ordinary in less Christian societies (Read and LeBlanc 68). Read and LeBlanc aver that official statistics of the rates of abortion exceeds 30 percent in countries where the rates are high. Unfortunately, a fairly high number of unrecorded terminations of pregnancies probably take place even in nations reporting very insignificant figures (69). This practice impacts the evolution of populations by denying the unborn an opportunity to live. Complete cutting off of one’s ability to conceive or contribute toward conception impacts evolution of population. The surgical processes of vasectomy and tubal ligation in men and women respectively have become widespread in many countries and cultures. Sterilization denies the affected parties a chance to give birth to children of their own. High death rates among populations, perhaps due to poor health care, and nutrition programs can impact the evolution of population by increasing the likelihood of lower life expectancy. But better health care programs will enhance life expectancy in a particular population. Infant mortality impacts evolution of population by determining the number of infants who will survive to maturity and those who die at birth or immediately after they are born. Improved

Speed management proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Speed management proposal - Essay Example A general agreement that exists is that injuries on the roads increase because of speed and so objectives of safety and mobility can be conflicting. Globally, over speeding is one hell of a predicament to control in our roadways and is an immense contributor to most of the accidents witnessed both in rural and urban areas by traffic officials and residents. It is a belief by many individuals that eradication of speeding will save people’s lives by driving at a speed that is appropriate (Ioainnoou, 1997, pg 216). A road accident is considered related to over speeding if the driver is charged with an offense of over speeding. Additionally, if a traffic officer who is on the location indicates that the driver at some point was over speeding past the required speed limit when the accident occurred then it became over speeding-related. Road accidents related to over speeding have led to many deaths worldwide and, as a result, the community, and insurance firms have incurred excessi ve costs. Accidents or crash are more likely to happen the faster a driver drives and the higher the risk of getting injuries that are brutal and even loss of life. Accidents and speed relate to another due to a number of dependent factors. For instance, how severe the injury of the occupants of the vehicle involved in a crash is not only determined by the speed that resulted in the collision but also the difference in mass of the two involved vehicles.

Strategic plan and control Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic plan and control - Coursework Example Apparently, a reflection of the respective lessons entries and the related aspects of the synergized contributors allows for the visualization of the subsequent knowledge gathered throughout the entire course. The first lesson involved an introduction to the entire concept of strategic knowledge. Such was advised by the respective entities that defined the study of strategic planning and its input in the characterization of business. Apparently, the lesson remains best regarded as an introductory to the entire course work. Upon its commencement, an impression on the prospects of strategic planning was considered. I may consider the ideals of the instructors as being vested on the conceptualization of the entire topic. Additional interests were vested on placing it under timeframes, in an effort to ensure its eventual implementation. The knowledge gathered in the first lesson was critical in the shaping of the considered beliefs and the eventual development of a perception regarding the entities of the entire course (Kraten, 2010). At the termination of the first week, I had developed an insight on the entire program and the progressive models under consideration. I must admit that upon th e termination of the program, I had developed interests on the possibilities that stood to be enlisted from the entire course. The contributions annexed to the respective evaluative roles associated to the lesson of the second week played a significant role in the description of strategic planning as perceived by the corporate world. Students were engaged in the various evaluative protocols that may be annexed to a business venture, including the PESTEL model. The model was presented as an ideal approach upon which the evaluation of a venture may be aspired. However, progressive aspects such as the implication that stood to be fetched from the respective models of evaluation remains

Artoriginality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Artoriginality - Essay Example One cannot afford to be indifferent and unconcerned. I believe that a true artist should not only express himself in his work but also be able to effectually convey positivity through his skill. Perhaps, what makes art good or bad is the impression that it leaves to people. There are various ways by which an artist can achieve that goal. It is a well-known fact that news travel fast and they have a lasting effect on readers and viewers. Unfortunately, not all news is refreshing and inspiring. The massacre at Virginia Tech University is one of the most depressing and horrifying news recently. It is hailed as the deadliest shooting in US history that took the lives of more than 30 people. While America-if not the whole world-is shocked and mourning, an artist has the opportunity to involve himself and to stand out in the crowd of aspiring artists. Instead of creating an eccentric exploitation of details, it would be best to emphasize on the life lived by those who were killed and eternalize the vision they had fostered in their existence. This may provide comfort to their loved ones and promote awareness and inspiration to the public. That intention alone may be one of the crucial tests of a bona fide artist. But it is time to depart from the traditional. The best and logical way to successfully deviate is to know what is traditional.

CRM Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

CRM - Research Paper Example Company can market its product worldwide at nominal price through e–business. In addition, e-business ensures good and superior customer service which can encourage buyers to know more about any particular product of a company. Customers can make online payment and the products are delivered in their house. E–Business in Pharmaceutical Industry E–business strongly influences the strategies of pharmaceutical companies. Online sales and detailing can influence the sales of pharmaceutical company. Through e–business, pharmaceutical company develops branding, forecast sales, place & trace customer orders and influence supply chain management. Pharmaceutical company had developed website where information about doctors and medicines can be reviewed. Through e–business forum, people are able to share information and feedback about any drug or medicine. Many pharmaceutical companies had developed front end and back end e-business formation to trade their p roducts to business partners, customers, wholesalers and distributors. Custom e-business application is effective while ordering drugs and medicine products and requires extensive prescription data. E-business ordering, selling can be implemented using application which allows pharmaceutical company to draft complicated order over website (Qayyum, â€Å"eBusiness Technologies and Trends in the Pharmaceutical industry†). E–Business at Hanmi Hanmi had developed professional website for e–business solution. The website of Hanmi provides strong communication atmosphere and it is a good system for medical practitioners such as doctors, chemists or pharmacists. Through their website they can gain useful information. Hanmi Medical Portal (HMP) had accomplished sustainable development and became a major specialized medical website for many domestic doctors. HMP consists of intern, occupant and medical school students. It provides several essential services such as medic al information service, medical related social service, prerequisite for professional service and many allied & differentiated service. HMP is seeking to become the next generation growth technology of Hanmi Pharmaceutical Company and conquer the International Medical Portal Standard (Hanmi IT, â€Å"HMP†). Analytic Data Value In today’s competitive world, analytic collection of data has been widely used. Organization collects data from a wide range of source before extracting meaningful information from them. This is the challenge for every organization to deploy analytics and generate information from customer data. Many organizations are unsuccessful to achieve complete benefit of their customer data because of fault within the analytics capacity. The customer data analytic helps organizations to improve customer experience, sales and service. Hanmi had successfully developed software to properly manage customer data and derive important information from it. Hanmiâ €™s software solution helps to draw business results from customer data. It can provide dashboards, trend reports and pivot tables which can indicate key performance indicator of market and help company to measure the success factors. ubi – SFA technology Hanmi had implemented ubi-SFA approach

Political Science Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Political Science - Research Paper Example Leaders use it to prove to the world that they are doing the right thing for their citizenry or nations. Do today’s governments embody the dictums that define democracy? This piece of work is written to explain the meaning of politics and democracy, as well as the roles they play in the present day society. The author has examined how the two, politics and democracy, present themselves in the U.S, and how they have shaped the country from as far as 200 years ago. The word politics comes from two Greek words; ‘polis,’ and ‘politikos.’ Polis means a self-governing city or state, while politikos means relating to people. Cities of ancient Greece are believed to be the origin of present day politics. They are the first points where noticeable governance structures can be established. For these reason, ideologies of most governments today borrow heavily from the cultural practices of the old Greek people. The Greek civilization dates back to over 4000 years (Marshall, 2011). According to one English philosopher; Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), in one of his works, the Leviathan (1651), life before civilization is believed to have been harsh, brutal and selfish. This is attributed to lack of laws to govern the code of conduct of people. As a result, people were only driven by their own selfish desires. Various individuals have strived to come up with definitions for politics. Due to its broad nature and ambiguity, it is hard to capture all that it entails in just one definition. Some of the most visible philosophers who endeavoured into defining politics include; Aristotle, Plato, Machiavelli, and Harold Lasswell. Politics is the ‘philosophy of human affairs.’ This is the view held by Aristotle (384-322 BCE) in his Nicomachean Ethics (350 BCE). Aristotle claims that man is naturally a political animal, because politics is what brings happiness to man and to the community. In his definition, he draws the

Should Colleges have Child Care on Campus Essay

Should Colleges have Child Care on Campus - Essay Example The seemingly minute family concern is getting much attention from school administrations and law-makers because of the domino effect the situation can bring not only to the family but to the nation as a whole, affecting its economy and success. Looking at the situation, the individuals who have potentials which are supposed to be nurtured through higher education are forced to drop out in favor of taking the responsibility of being a full time parent. On another angle, when students are able to find child care centers for their children, the centers are usually underrated that the welfare of the children is sacrificed (McBride). For the aforementioned circumstances, it is essential that schools offer child care centers in the campus, enabling students to acquire affordable assistance with high quality performances that caters to the different schedules of students. Every parent wants to provide quality care to their children so that one of the basic considerations in choosing child care centers is the atmosphere the children are exposed to. Statistics shows that children who are given quality early childhood care are more likely to succeed in life (Anderson & Dektar). Therefore, high performance levels of child care centers need to be considered in establishing them inside the school campuses. To ensure this, having the child centers accredited should be a must. One of the accrediting bodies is the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) which aims to strengthen the operational aspects of early childhood systems for the benefit of the children. Such accreditation will provide peace of mind to the parents, knowing that the child care centers they are entrusting their children to are efficient because they are conforming to the requirements demanded by the accrediting body. Simply having one’s child in the care of people who are not able to provide the basic needs of a child would not be sought for as parents will always be parent s, valuing more the safety and care of the children rather than their own education. However, with the accreditation of child care centers in schools, parents would be sure that the staff are well qualified and have the necessary education and training (naeyc.org) to look after their children at affordable prices. Speaking of prices, it is also to be thought of because the people the center services usually come from low-income students who are at the brink of dropping out if they do not find affordable, quality based centers for their children. Affordable prices of course, do not mean they are to be very cheap wherein the child care center will not be able to fund itself and pay for its employees anymore but that the payment should be comparable to the services. This might bring the school child care center to have two or more categories where a cheaper plan would provide the most basic care to the children like feeding, changing diapers and the like. For growing up children who ne ed more attention like being taught how to speak, walk and others, they will be given higher fees. Probably, if there are parents who would like more services to be offered to their children like being taught how to write and read, such can avail of the services at a higher rate as well. In addition, wanting more use of facilities and materials like television, computer, and toys will have to demand additional fees for

Human Nervous System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Nervous System - Essay Example The central nervous system (CNS) of the body is basically responsible for all the unintentional and reflex nerve action. It basically means that the central nervous system takes care of all the nerve action meaning that any type of nerve reaction is the sole responsibility of the CNS (Standley, 2013). The central nervous system (CNS) has the responsibility for almost all thing that a human being does. From the simple act of breathing to the complex mental abilities that help solve complicated mathematic problems are all the direct responsibility of the Central Nervous System (CNS) (Buzzle.com, 2013). Perhaps the simplest example of what the Central Nervous system does is in the fact that as soon as someone’s hand touches a hot object, the body reacts within milliseconds and the bodies reflex is to draw back the hand immediately. Behind this simple activity are sensory tasks performed by the Central Nervous System whereby the hot sensation registered by the hand is transmitted to the brain, is decoded by the brain and the brain instructs the specific part to perform the action of drawing back the hand. All this activity is undertaken in less than a whole second and the Central Nervous System (CNS) is responsible for it. The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) (Dorland's Medical Dictionary, n.d.) is also known as the visceral nervous system or also the involuntary nervous system. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is a part of the body’s peripheral nervous system(PNS) and acts as a control system.

How Abortion Harms Womens Health Essay Example for Free

How Abortion Harms Womens Health Essay Advocates of legalized abortion downplay or deny the health risks associated with abortion. However, the research indicates that abortion isolates women and can often cause physical and psychological suffering. Physical complications Abortion can cause both short-term and long-term physical complications, and can significantly affect a womans ability to have healthy future pregnancies. Physical complications include cervical lacerations and injury, uterine perforations, bleeding, hemorrhage, serious infection, pain, and incomplete abortion.[3] Risks of complications increase with gestational age and are dependent upon the abortion procedure. [4] Long-term physical consequences of abortion include future preterm birth and placenta previa (improper implantation of the placenta) in future pregnancies.[5] Premature delivery is associated with higher rates of cerebral palsy, as well as respiratory, brain, and bowel abnormalities. One recent large-scale evaluation published in Pediatrics, has concluded that preterm birth is the most frequent cause of infant death in the U.S.[6] Pregnancies complicated by placenta previa result in high rates of preterm birth, low birth weight, perinatal death, and maternal morbidity.[7] While the question of whether abortion can increase the risk of breast cancer is hotly debated, a number of scientific studies have indicated that induced abortion can adversely affect a womans future risk of breast cancer. Further, it has been clearly shown that induced abortion in young women causes the loss of a protective effect from a first, full-term pregnancy which when followed by a delay in child bearing, has the net effect of an increased risk for breast cancer.[8] Physical complications from chemical abortion with the drug RU-486 include hemorrhage, infection, and missed ectopic pregnancy (a potentially fatal complication). Since 2000, at least 8 women have died from RU-486 due to hemorrhage and infection.[9] Psychological complications A pro-choice research team in New Zealand, analyzing data from a 25-year period and controlling for multiple factors both pre- and post-abortion, found conclusively that abortion in young women is associated with increased risks of major depression, anxiety disorder, suicidal behaviors, and substance dependence.[10] This is the most comprehensive, long-term study ever conducted on the issue. Other studies also conclude that there is substantial evidence of a causal association between induced abortion and both substance abuse and suicide.[11] A review of over 100 long-term international studies concluded that induced abortion increases risks for mood disorders enough to provoke attempts at self harm.[12] Researchers have also identified a pattern of psychological problems, known collectively as Post- Abortion Syndrome, in which women may experience depression, anxiety, anger, flashbacks, guilt, grief, denial, and relationship problems. Post-Abortion Syndrome has been identified in research as a subset of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.[13] Further, studies analyzing the effects of induced abortion in adolescents have shown that those who abort reported more frequent problems sleeping, more frequent marijuana use, and an increased need for psychological counseling, when compared to adolescents who give birth.[14] Moira Gaul is director of womens and reproductive health at the Family Research Council. She has a Master of Public Health degree with an emphasis in maternal and child health. Consequences for women There is extensive evidence of physical, mental and emotional consequences for women and their families when pregnant mothers use abortion to end an inconvenient pregnancy. Major Articles and Books Concerning the Detrimental Effects of Abortion reports that in the short term (eight weeks after the abortion), there are numerous indicators of emotional distress: 44 per cent of women who have abortions complain of nervous disorders, 36 per cent have trouble sleeping, 31 per cent regret their decision to abort and 11 per cent have been prescribed psychotropic drugs. But it is the longer-term problems that bear more scrutiny. Using the most conservative estimate of post-abortion syndrome, or PAS, Dr. Brenda Major in the Archives of General Psychiatry in 2000, found 1.6 per cent of women who have an abortion will suffer from PAS, a variant of post-traumatic stress disorder. In Canada, that would mean approximately 50,000 women are suffering emotionally due to their abortions. Dr. Hanna Sà ¶derberg’s studies suggest the number could be closer to 60 per cent. Either way, there are many women with PAS. In Canada, the 1977 Report of the Committee on the Operation of the Abortion Law cited a five-year study in two provinces that found women who had an abortion used medical and psychiatric services much more often than others; in fact, 25 per cent of women who aborted made at least one visit to a psychiatrist compared to just 3 per cent of other women. Alcoholism and drug abuse are higher among women who have abortions than those who don’t. The American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology noted in December 2002 that later alcohol and drug use during subsequent pregnancies could place newborn children at higher risk of congenital defects, low birthweight and even death. In all, there are nearly two dozen studies that link abortion to alcohol and drug abuse. Extrapolating from research conducted by Dr. David Reardon of the Elliott Institute, as many as 5,000 Canadian women will â€Å"begin abusing drugs and/or alcohol as a means of dea ling with post-abortion stress.† In 1996, the British Medical Journal reported that the suicide rate for women â€Å"after an abortion was three times the general suicide rate and six times that associated with birth.† This confirmed earlier studies and has been replicated since. Reardon says â€Å"one reason for the strong abortion-suicide link exists in the fact that in many ways, abortion is like suicide. A person who threatens suicide is actually crying out for help. So are women who contemplate abortion. Both are in a state of despair. Both are lonely. Both feel faced by insurmountable odds.† So it is no wonder that abortion does not solve the perceived problem: that of the inconvenient pregnancy. Post-abortive women are more prone to suicide, cigarette smoking, divorce, low self-esteem, sexual dysfunction, eating disorders and reduced maternal bonding with future children, resulting in child neglect or abuse. Women who have had abortions are more likely to be on public assistance, because their pathologies (promiscuity, inability to form healthy relationships, drug and alcohol abuse) are likely to make them single parents. In 2004, Thomas Strahan, a researcher with the Association of Interdisciplinary Research in the United States, found that abortion hurts women economically: â€Å"The repeated utilization of abortion appears to lead not to economic prosperity or social well-being, but to an increasing feminization of poverty.† But post-abortion health problems are not merely emotional. The Elliott Institute has collated the best available data on the physical risk complications of abortion and it reports that â€Å"approximately 10 per cent of women undergoing elect ive abortion will suffer immediate complications, of which approximately one-fifth (2 per cent) are considered life threatening.† The most common immediate major complications include infection, excessive bleeding, embolism, ripping or perforation of the uterus, anesthesia complications, convulsions, hemorrhage, cervical injury and endotoxic shock. Minor complications include infection, bleeding, fever, second-degree burns, chronic abdominal pain, vomiting, gastro-intestinal disturbances and Rh sensitization. In the Canadian context, that means 10,000 women a year suffer complications and 2,000 face potentially life-threatening major complications. Other problems manifest themselves over time. There are more than 30 studies that show a correlation between abortion and breast cancer, with women who had abortions more likely to get breast cancer. Women also face increased risk of cervical, ovarian and liver cancer. The risk for these four cancers are linked to the unnatural disruption of hormonal changes accompanying pregnancy. Untreated cervical damage increases the chances of getting cervical cancer. Between 2 and 3 per cent of all abortion patients suffer perforation of the uterus; this often leads to complications in subsequent pregnancies, the need for a hysterectomy and other complications, including osteoporosis. Smaller cervical lacerations can also cause problems, including cervical incompetence and subsequent labour complications. Abortion also increases the risk of placenta previa in later pregnancies, which is life-threatening to both mother (excessive bleeding) and unborn child (perinatal death), and increases the chance of fetal malformation. Women who have abortions are more than twice as likely to suffer subsequent labour complications, including premature delivery. Pre-term delivery increases the risk of neo-natal death and handicaps. Abortion increases the risk of ectopic pregnancies and pelvic inflammatory disease, both of which can reduce future fertility or threaten the life of the mother. Recent nation-wide data is unavailable in Canada, but Alberta and Nova Scotia statistics indicate that repeat abortions account for about one-third of all procedures. Repeat aborters vastly increase their risk of complications and this has serious consequences for those who routinely utilize abortion as birth control; it also costs the health care system. Perhaps most worrying is that women who have abortions are more likely to die prematurely. Reardon notes, â€Å"Women who abort are approximately four times more likely to die in the following year than women who carry their pregnancies to term† – and that † women who carry to term are only half as likely to die (pre-maturely) as women who were not pregnant.† That includes accidental deaths, suicides and homicides, among other causes. The evidence that abortion harms women – and their loved ones – is overwhelming. But the harm goes beyond individuals. Societal costs No one knows for sure how much abortion costs taxpayers through the country’s socialized health care system. With the exception of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, which do not cover the entire cost of abortions committed in private facilities, the provinces pay for abortions in both hospitals and free-standing facilities. LifeCanada estimates that the cost just for the surgical abortion procedures is $80 million (an average of $800 multiplied by 100,000 abortions). Because of under-reporting of abortion, there is reason to believe the cost is actually greater. In 1995, the Library of Parliament Research Branch said determining the cost of abortion is a â€Å"complex and inexact process.† But that is only the surgery. The number of follow-up visits for immediate complications is not made public (if tracked at all) and so those costs are unknowable. There is also the cost of long-term problems including fertility treatments, psychiatry and drug/alcohol treatment. There are other costs, as well; that of missing students, consumers and taxpayers. The loss of 100,000 children every year means smaller classrooms and closed schools. In 2005, People for Education, an advocacy group, reported that the rate of school closures in Ontario has more than doubled in recent years. Between 1986 and 1995, an average of 24 Ontario schools were closed every year, but between 1999 and 2005, it was an average of 52 schools per year. Remarkably, that is despite attracting the bulk of the country’s immigrants. The fact is that Canada is an aging country in which many smaller communities and older neighbourhoods no longer have the children and teens to sustain elementary and high schools. According to the Canadian Council on Learning, â€Å"The steepest declines tend to occur in small, rural and remote school districts.† It cites as an example British Columbia, where 10 school districts have seen their enrolments fall by at least 15 per cent since 200 1, seven of which are rural districts with smaller populations. From 1997-2005, 11 of 13 provinces and territories experienced a drop in enrolment, with six of them seeing declines of at least 10 per cent. The problem is worst in Atlantic Canada. Dr. Gerald Galway of the Faculty of Education at Memorial University in St. John’s gave a presentation to the 2009 Atlantic School Boards Conference entitled, â€Å"Where have all the children gone?† In it, he noted that school enrolment in Atlantic Canada has fallen precipitously over the past several decades. While intra-provincial migration accounts for some decline in population, he mostly blames falling fertility rates. Notably, in Newfoundland, enrolment has declined every year since 1971, except in 1984 (with the introduction of Grade 12). In fact, the school-aged population has been cut in half since 1971, from 160,000 to 80,000. Over the long term, more communities will lose their schools and policy makers will have to make difficult decisions on how to provide quality education in sparsely populated areas. There are also ramifications for public finance. Pierre Fortin, a professor of economics at the Università © du Quà ©bec à   Montrà ©al, says there will be â€Å"a marked deterioration of public finances† because of increased health care costs and pension liabilities as the number of seniors grows rapidly and income tax revenues decrease due to fewer workers. The result is fewer taxpayers supporting more retirees. By 2015, there will be more seniors over 65 than children under 15; it is estimated that by 2030, those over 65 will comprise 25 per cent of the population. According to the 2008 documentary The Cost of Abortion, the cumulative financial loss of nearly 50 million abortions in the United States from 1973-2007 was $37 trillion in GDP over the course of 35 years. That’s lost production and lost consumption due to the 50 million missing children and (later) workers. Assuming that Canada would have suffered a proportionate loss, the Canadian GDP over the past four decades would be in the neighbourhood of $4 trillion – or $100 billion per year. That represents about 7 per cent of the current Canadian economy. In other words, the economic activity of a population not decimated by abortion would be equivalent to more than twice the stimulus package Ottawa announced in January. But after 3.2 million abortions over four decades, the missing children translate into missing economic activity. The cheapening of human life The greatest cost imposed on a society that permits abortion is the devaluing of human life and the diminishment of family life. Abortion does not stalk the nation alone; but rather, as part of the larger culture of death. Since the legalization of abortion, contraception, gay sex and divorce in the 1960s, there has been a decline in marital stability, with growth in sexual activity outside marriage and other sexually deviant behaviour and new assaults on human life. There are more ways to chemically eliminate newly conceived life with the abortifacient morning-after pill and abortion drugs like RU-486. With pregnancy made easily avoidable, is it surprising that courts (and later Parliament) ignored the reproductive role of marriage when they redefined the institution to include same-sex partners? In 2003, the Liberal government passed legislation opening the door to destructive embryonic stem cell research, cloning and other scientific experimentation that treats human life as raw m aterial to be harvested and exploited. If inconvenient human life can be eliminated by mothers and doctors, why not create convenient lives for scientists and other researchers? And lastly – though not yet – is euthanasia. Once the principle is established that inconvenient human beings can be killed, the question becomes who’s next. The answer, if the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland and Oregon and Washington are harbingers, is the terminally ill, the disabled and the old. Of course, we’ve already had Tracey Latimer and Sue Rodriguez and dozens of others whose names weren’t quite national news. But these are renegades, operating outside the law. Perhaps, though, not for long. Twice in the past four years, Bloc Quebecois MP Francine Lalonde has introduced a private member’s bill to legalize euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. Public opinion leans toward so-called â€Å"mercy killing.† The principle of eliminating inconvenient people is well established. The great corrupter Abortion corrupts every institution that promotes or even countenances it. Two examples are government (and politics) and the medical profession, although one could also look at the failure of religious leadership, the denigration of the law and so much more. As Fr. Alphonse de Valk noted in his 1979 pamphlet The Worst Law Ever, the medical profession didn’t take long to become fanatical in its support for abortion. In fact, de Valk said â€Å"the one group which obviously has suffered most from the 1969 law is the medical profession.† In the 1960s, the Canadian Medical Association lobbied for widening the abortion law to permit abortions to save the life or protect the health of the mother (albeit with a broad understanding of mental and emotional health). By 1973, it endorsed abortion on demand. Two years later, it amended the Hippocratic Oath to remove the reference against abortifacients that had been in place for 2,500 years. In 1977, it attempted to make abortion referrals mandatory, even in cases in which doctors were morally opposed. That battle continues more than three decades later. Over the past 40 years, medical professionals have been harassed over their opposition to abortion and most medical schools screen applicants to keep pro-lifers out. Nurses have been fired, removed from certain duties and refused work because of their pro-life views, as have pharmacists. In order to make â€Å"choice† available to those seeking abortions, the choice of health care professionals to act according to their consciences has been compromised and even excised. Abortion has also corrupted the political process. Parliament fashioned a dishonest and untenable amendment in 1969 – the therapeutic abortion committees which sanctioned the killing of the unborn. The Supreme Court threw out the minimal restrictions in 1988 and ordered Parliament to write a new abortion law. The Mulroney government twice introduced legislation to address the abortion issue, but the limits were once again giant loopholes that would not have restricted abortion. Since then, abortion has been permitted within the vacuum created by the absence of a law. Politicians are scared of the issue. Many provincial politicians refuse to answer questions about abortion, claiming it is a federal matter (which it is as a matter of criminal law, but not as health policy). Many federal politicians hide behind the false notion that the 1988 Morgentaler decision established a right to abortion. (It did not, with only one of seven justices suggesting such a right.) In the 2000 federal election, then-prime minister Jean Chretien declared that Canada had â€Å"social peace† on the issue of abortion; in reality, it was the silence of timorous politicians enforced by a rigid media censorship of any substantive debate on the topic. That censorship is widespread. Since 1995, British Columbia has had a legislated bubble zone prohibiting any pro-life speech near abortion facilities. In 1994, the Ontario government asked for and received a â€Å"temporary† injunction prohibiting pro-life speech near five abortion mills; that injunction remains in place today. In Quebec, a limited bubble zone is in place in several municipalities. Such censorship has moved to university campuses, where pro-life groups are denied club status and pro-life speakers or demonstrators are prevented from making their presentations. To protect abortion from any criticism or resistance, genuine human rights, such as freedom of speech, freedom of association and freedom of conscience, are curbed. Such illiberal and intolerant measures are deemed necessary to defend â€Å"choice.† Conclusion These are but a few of the consequences of a broad abortion licence, a quick overview of the toll of abortion. Sold to a willingly ignorant public as a matter of personal choice, abortion has had terrible consequences for society and, tragically, the women who choose abortion thinking it is a solution to their perceived problems. The enormity of the consequences, one would presume, would lead to a massive re-thinking of unrestricted legal abortion. But instead of either sober reflection or a vigorous debate on abortion’s societal and individual ramifications, there is silence. And more death. And more suffering. Forty more years and millions more deaths are too great a cost for a dearth of necessary leadership to oppose abortion. But someday, these costs and consequences will be too great to ignore. Until then, we will continue to pay in blood, treasure, women’s health and a myriad of other ways. Is Abortion Safe? Psychological Consequences Clinical research provides a growing body of scientific evidence that having an abortion can cause psychological harm to some women. Women who report negative after-effects from abortion know exactly what their problem is, observed psychologist Wanda Franz, Ph.D., in a March 1989 congressional hearing on the impact of abortion. They report horrible nightmares of children calling them from trash cans, of body parts, and blood, Franz told the Congressional panel. When they are reminded of the abortion, Franz testified, the women re-experienced it with terrible psychological pain They feel worthless and victimized because they failed at the most natural of human activities the role of being a mother.[106] The emergence of chemical abortion methods poses a new possibly more devastating psychological threat. Unlike surgical abortions, in which women rarely see the cut up body parts, women having chemical abortions often do see the complete tiny bodies of their unborn children and are even able to distinguish the child’s developing hands, eyes, etc. [107] So traumatic is this for some women that both patients and researchers involved in these studies have recommended that women unprepared for the experience of seeing their aborted children not take the drugs. [108] Long-term psychological implications of this experience have not been studied. Researchers on the after-effects of abortion have identified a pattern of psychological problems known as Post-Abortion Syndrome (PAS). Women suffering PAS may experience drug and alcohol abuse, personal relationship disorders, sexual dysfunction, repeated abortions, communications difficulties, damaged self-esteem, and even attempt suicide. Post-Abortion Syndrome appears to be a type of pattern of denial which may last for five to ten years before emotional difficulties surface. [109] Now that some clinicians have established that there is an identifiable patterns to PAS, they face a new challenge. What is still unknown is how widespread psychological problems are among women who have had abortions. A Los Angeles Times survey in 1989 found that 56% of women who had abortions felt guilty about it, and 26% mostly regretted the abortion.[110] Clinicians’ current goal should be to conduct extensive national research studies to obtain data on the psychological after-effects of abortion.[111] With the growing awareness of Post Abortion Syndrome in scholarly and clinical circles, women with PAS can expect to receive a more sensitive appreciation of the suffering that they endure. Fortunately, a growing network of peer support groups of women who have had abortions offers assistance to women who are experiencing emotional difficulties. Many post-abortive women have also been speaking out publicly about their own abortion experiences and the healing process they went through.. Women or family members seeking information about this particular outreach can contact American Victims of Abortion, 419 7th Street, NW, Suite 500, Washington, D.C., 20004. Physical Consequences after abortion DEATH: According to the best record based study of deaths following pregnancy and abortion, a 1997 government funded study in Finland, women who abort are approximately four times more likely to die in the following year than women who carry their pregnancies to term. In addition, women who carry to term are only half as likely to die as women who were not pregnant.(16) The Finland researchers found that compared to women who carried to term, women who aborted in the year prior to their deaths were 60 percent more likely to die of natural causes, seven times more likely to die of suicide, four times more likely to die of injuries related to accidents, and 14 times more likely to die from homicide. Researchers believe the higher rate of deaths related to accidents and homicide may be linked to higher rates of suicidal or risk-taking behavior.(16) The leading causes of abortion related maternal deaths within a week of the surgery are hemorrhage, infection, embolism, anesthesia, and undiagnosed ectopic pregnancies. Legal abortion is reported as the fifth leading cause of maternal death in the United States, though in fact it is recognized that most abortion related deaths are not officially reported as such.(2)

God Loves Uganda Response Paper Essay Example for Free

God Loves Uganda Response Paper Essay I was aware of strong anti-homosexuality prejudice in Uganda from discussions with friends and some news coverage I saw on the internet. However, I was unaware of the influence of U. S. evangelical missionaries until I saw the documentary God Loves Uganda. The film’s director, Roger Ross Williams, illuminates how American missionaries in Uganda campaign to condemn homosexuality and ban condoms as part of their abstinence only education. Missionaries in the film hail from the International House of Prayer (IHOP) in Kansas City, Missouri. They take direction from the charismatic Lou Engle, who is a prominent leader of the evangelical Christian right. Throughout the documentary, these missionaries speak candidly about their core religious beliefs without coercion or the trickery of film editing. The American pastor behind the anti-gay vitriol spread by these â€Å"well-meaning† IHOP missionaries is Scott Lively. It is important to note that Scott Lively is quite the conspiracy theorist and anything he says should be taken with a grain of salt. He co-founded the anti-gay group Watchmen on the Walls and authored books such as The Pink Swastika: Homosexuality in the Nazi Party, 7 Steps to Recruit-Proof Your Child, and The Poisoned Stream: â€Å"Gay† Influence in Human History (Scherr). Lively has forged relationships with Ugandan religious leaders, who preach his toxic message to their congregations. Two of the biggest myths that Lively and IHOP missionaries teach in Uganda are that homosexuality is a Western import trying to recruit children and that homosexuals can choose to be heterosexual. In Uganda, Same-sex relations have been deemed â€Å"unnatural† and laws against it have been in place forever. However, in 2009, anti-gay fervor reached new heights when the Ugandan Anti- Homosexuality Act was introduced to parliament. The bill criminalizes homosexual relations, which are punishable by life in prison or even death for serial offenders. Inspiration for the AntiHomosexuality Act directly stems from Scott Lively’s seminar titled, â€Å"Exposing the Truth Behind Homosexuality and the Homosexual Agenda†, which he presented before Ugandan Parliament. (Lapin) In conjunction with anti-homosexual propaganda, the missionaries preach that condoms should be banned, as abstinence is the key to lowering the HIV rate. The Ugandan government supports this flawed abstinence only policy. As a result, both hetero and homo sexual relations are stigmatized and condoms are not used. Therefore, disease continues to spread and wreak havoc on Ugandan society. Race and colonialism are not explicitly mentioned in the film but they are undeniable factors. Race has been beneficial to the missionaries. As ex-communicated, Bishop Christopher Senyonjo says of Ugandan’s relationship to the missionaries, â€Å"Because they are white, people believe them. † Colonizing of values is certainly happening. Africa has always been a place in which colonial aspirations come to fruition. Rather than exporting a way of governing to the colonies, missionaries are exporting religious governance. In addition to building orphanages and other good works, IHOP missionaries have exacerbated the anti-gay climate in Uganda. These people infiltrate Uganda in the name of God, demonize homosexuality as part of Biblical law, and then leave citizens to take the real law into their own hands. Consequently, LGBT people in Uganda fear for their lives. Now I must ask, is this what Jesus would want? Bibliography Lapin, Andrew. God Loves Uganda. The Dissolve. The Dissolve, 9 Oct. 2013. Web. 24 Oct. 2013. Scherr, Sonia. U. S. Anti-Gay Activists Under Fire for Role in Uganda. Souther Poverty Law Center. Intelligence Report, Apr. -May 2010. Web. 23 Oct. 2013.

Islam And Human Cloning Religion Essay

Islam And Human Cloning Religion Essay Advances in medical technology in the contemporary world have promised several answers to issues that have remained of concern in medicine. The current advancements in the field of human cloning for example have created new hopes in the minds of most medical professionals and the general public especially in the case of dealing with the emerging and re-emerging infectious and non-infectious diseases (Klotzko, 2001). However, the development of cloning as a technological advancement though anticipated has raised enormous questions with heated debates being raised about the issue. Though it has became a matter of normality for debates to occur in the field of science, scientists, scholars, politicians and religious groups have been the major groups concerned with issues of science. Among the debates concerned with human cloning entails the religious views and arguments. With various religions holding varying arguments and attitudes towards cloning of human beings, the issue has raised several religious ideas (Sadeghi, 2007). In my research, I aim at addressing the various perspectives about human cloning that the Islamic religion holds. In the exploration of the debate about human cloning, I will also make distinct attempts to identify the various risks as well as benefits that are accrued through the procedures involved in human cloning as well as the general aspect. However, my major emphasis will be on the cloning means for religious concerns around conception and life. Further in the paper, I will assess the moral status of the human embryo which has formed the major area of current debate in the Islamic teachings and later conclude the paper with the assessment of the truth behind the religious debates. Outline Introduction Brief context (as show above) Thesis statement- The development of cloning as a technological advancement though anticipated has raised enormous questions with heated debates being raised about the issue especially in the religious field. Description of structure of argument Section 1: The ethical debate surrounding human cloning Paragraph 1- The global debate on human cloning technology. Revisit Klotzko Paragraph 2- Criticisms and skepticism surrounding human cloning Revisit Cahill, Sadeghi and Caplan. Paragraph 3- Issue of ethics and the reaction of governments and key resolutions. Revisit Klotzko Section 2: Implications of Human Cloning Paragraphs 1 and 2- The negative consequences of human cloning (moral and ethical issues). Revisit Howie, Cahill, Gillon, Klotzko Paragraph 3- Benefits of human cloning technology especially in therapeutics. The views of proponents. Revisit Willgoos and Agnihotri Section 3: Human Cloning and Islam Paragraph 1: Islamic debates about cloning as a technology and the key tenets of their religious views. Revisit Sadeghi, Voneky Wolfrum Section 3.1: Human Cloning and Ethics in Islam Paragraphs 1-5: Describes the Islamic social teachings, beliefs, morals and values. The issue of human cloning and human life will be explored. Revisit Howie, Cahill and Klotzko. Section 3.2: Conception and Islamic Religion Paragraphs 1 -2: The Islamic views about conception and life and their connection to human cloning. Use Sadeghi and Al-Mazkur et al. Section 4: Conclusion and Recommendations Annotated Bibliography Cahill, L. S. (2006). Bioethics. Theological Studies, 67: 1, pp 120+. Accessed on 8th February 2011 from This is a journal article that addresses the issue of stem cell research in bioethics literature. The article describes various calls for the banning of the human cloning project and the reaction of governments towards the issue. Further, the article explores debates about the moral status of embryos according to theological perspectives. This article holds strong relevance to my research as it addresses the moral status of the embryo which is the central point in human cloning and Islamic religion. Howie, J. (2002). Ethical Issues for a New Millennium. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press. Accessed on 8th February 2011 from This is an edited book that outlines the current ethical issues. Chapter five of this book which is authored by Richard M. Zaner and titled, what a wonderful world! creates a very interesting issue about human genome project. The chapter addresses several ethical issues about human cloning project that has promised the creation of a replica of human being. This chapter will help me in addressing the issue of ethics in human cloning and the relevant problems that the project has led to. Klotzko, A. J. (Ed) (2001). The Cloning Sourcebook. New York: Oxford University Press. This is an edited book that has unique and concise information on cloning. The books strength lies on its exploration on various aspects of cloning. Further, the book gives notes on each chapter covered that makes it easy to use especially in my research. The book will therefore help me address issues such as the ethical debates about human cloning. Its several topics that cover several aspects of cloning will also help me explore broadly the required ideas in my research paper Sadeghi, M. (2007). Islamic Perspectives on Human Cloning. Bioethics Press, ProQuest LLC, Journal of Human Reproduction and Genetic Ethics, 13: 2: 32+. Accessed on 8th February 2011 from This Journal article describes the Islamic perspectives on human cloning according to the views of jurists and Islamic jurisprudence. The article further explores the extent of current debate on this issue and gives out the probable dangerous outcomes of cloning. The articles will enable me get the required information on the catastrophic outcomes of human cloning as well as the various Islamic views about human cloning especially the views of jurists and Muslim world. Voneky, S. Wolfrum, R. (Eds) (2004). Human Dignity and Human Cloning. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff. Accessed on 8th February 2011 from This is a very detailed book that gives concrete information on the issue of human cloning. The book addresses the issue of human cloning in relation to human dignity. It addresses creation and human dignity in the Islamic religion as well as other religions. This book will therefore help me to relate whether cloning is detrimental to human dignity as well as the dilemmas that human cloning has caused. Running head: Human Cloning and Religion Essay Human Cloning: The Islamic Religion perspectives Name: University: Course: Tutor: Date: Abstract The development of cloning as a technology in genomics and biotechnology has been met by the highest controversies in the world. Though the technology promises answers to several issues that have disturbed the minds of many scientists, it has been met with much criticism and controversies. Scientists have for a long time anticipated about coming up with human beings through the use of cloning techniques basing their facts on the successive applications of the technology in both plants and animals. Though the therapeutic use of this technology has been accepted by most people in the world, the use of the technology in coming up with new human life has been criticized by religious groups and governments. The Islamic religion is one of the religions that have showed differing views and attitudes towards this technology. The religion does not entertain the application of this technology citing its beliefs, teachings, morals, values and ethics. This research paper explored the human cloni ng technology in regard to the perspectives of Islamic religion. Human Cloning: The Islamic Religion perspectives Introduction The issue of cloning gained fame during the year 1996 when a lamb famously known as Dolly, was born in Scotland after the mammary glands of a female adult sheep were cloned using scientific procedures. This raised the reactions that human cloning was also possible basing on the success of cloning procedures in animals. Human cloning, as described by Willgoos (2001, para 6) refers to the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer to create a human embryo which has the potential to be implanted into a womans uterus and develop into a child. Due to advancements in research, several research institutions made several attempts with high efforts to come up with human beings through cloning. However according to Klotzko (2001) these attempts in research on human cloning have been met with mixed reactions in the political, scientific, and religious arenas. Though no scientist has announced success in cloning human beings, most nations have strictly addresses the idea and possibility of achieving positive results in human cloning with several groups citing the potential implications, moral responses as well as the legal aspects involved in the cloning of human beings. The religious sector has been in the forefront in addressing the issue of human cloning with religions having varied views and attitudes about the human cloning issue (Sadeghi, 2007). The Islamic religion is noted as one of the religions that had varied views throughout the advancements in human cloning research. This essay addresses the ethical debate surrounding the issue of human cloning in a broader perspective. The essay briefly explores the major risks and benefits that cloning as a scientific aspect can lead to especially in the case of human beings. In a deeper insight, this essay paper addresses the various religious views about human cloning in respect to the Islamic religion especially around conception and life. The Ethical Debate Surrounding Human Cloning Since scientists identified in 1998 that through isolation and culturing of embryonic cells in human beings they could come up with genetically modified cells of human beings that could be used in therapeutic measures, heated debates arose with concerns over the ethical use of human cells in therapy. Continued advancements saw scientists arguing that they could as well clone human beings. This raised concerns about the perceived success of cloning technology with several politicians and religious groups terming the procedure as primitive and unethical (Klotzko, 2001). The debate about the ethics about human cloning was however met with criticisms with several groups becoming hostile and skeptical. Caplan (2001) describes the ethical debate as having raised hostility and skepticism towards human cloning issue. Skeptical views raised by several personalities as argued by Cahill (2006) were based on the idea that the influential supporters of cloning were only aiming at achieving their hidden agendas hence their committed efforts to advance the scientific idea. Cahill (2006) denotes that further skeptical issues were about the constitutional and fundamental rights of the Americans that allowed them to reproduce through any means. Moreover, scientists argued that the advancement of science should not be hindered by ethical debates against what they perceived as the golden chances of scientific breakthroughs as well as avenues of gaining fame (Sadeghi, 2007). The issue of ethics in human cloning was therefore termed as of low relevance since the technology is seen as having potential in scientific advancements. However, as denoted by Klotzko (2001), governments such as the American government have withdrawn their funding in cloning research projects as well as passing laws banning research in human cloning. As ethical debates had stopped the use of several technologies since the World War II, the success of ethics in regard to human cloning has been seen as of no potency (Klotzko, 2001).The lack of potency regarding ethics in human cloning can be seen through the continuous defeat of bills tabled before the Congress that aimed at banning cloning in human beings. With continued debates and legislative measures and initiatives aimed at banning human cloning, it remains doubtful whether these initiatives will be fruitful (Klotzko, 2001). Implications of Human Cloning The idea of cloning human beings as noted by Gillon in Klotzko (2001) has not been positively addressed. With several countries banning research in human cloning and having been termed by the World Health Organization as ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality (Gillon in Klotzko, 2001, p 184), only the negative implications and disapprovals of this technology are highly perceived. Gillon (in Klotzko, 2001, p 184) denotes that human cloning; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ treats people as means and not as ends, undermines human dignity, human rights, personal autonomy, personality, individuality, and individual uniqueness; it turns people into carbon copies, photocopies, stencils, and fakes; it would be dangerous and harmful to those to whom it was done, as well as to their families; it would particularly harm the women who would be bearing the babies (p. 184). Further, human cloning has been cited by the European parliament as an unjust procedure that contravenes the equality nature of human beings as well as leading to discrimination in women (Cahill, 2006). There are two major types of cloning that have raised negative concerns. The first one is the type of human cloning that involves the extraction of a human embryo cell and then cloning it to achieve an embryo of identical nature. The other type of cloning that was exercised during the cloning of the Dolly sheep includes the extraction of the nucleus from a cell and then inserting it into a sac of the other nucleus cell to be cloned (Howie, 2002). Despite the discussed moral and ethical issues that term human cloning as a detrimental procedure, there are several proponents of the procedure who cite several benefits (Willgoos, 2001). Scientists and politicians as noted by Willgoos (2001) have cited that research on human cloning must be continued since this procedure promises a great potential in the development of science and medicine as well as benefiting the existence of human beings. Agnihotri (2008) argues that the procedures and techniques involved in human cloning can be used in the production of therapies for cure of infectious and serious diseases such as diabetes, cancer, heart diseases as well as in the transplantation of organs. Further, cloning can be used as a research tool that can be useful in the scientific revolution especially in revolutionalizing study of cells. Therefore, cloning becomes useful in the study of cell differentiation in biotechnology and medicine (Agnihotri, 2008). Human Cloning and Islam The issue of cloning has taken central debate in the Islamic religion. Though Muslims are rarely interested in the technology, they are much concerned with the overall biological, social and ethical impacts of the procedures involved in cloning. The central tenets of Islamic perspectives on human cloning are centered on at least three major perspectives (Voneky Wolfrum, 2004). The first issue is on how human embryonic cloning goes contrary to the ethical teachings and beliefs of Islam and whether it can be accepted in the religion. Secondly, the consequences of cloning to the Islamic society in particular and the general society is of particular interest and thirdly, the Islamic consideration of the stage at which a developing embryo can be termed as a living being is also a central issue (Sadeghi, 2007). Human Cloning and Ethics in Islam The Islamic ethical frameworks as well as the religious and social teachings regarding human life are the most critical issues about human cloning in the Islamic religion. As argued by Cahill (2006), Muslims question about human cloning basing their arguments on the teachings of the Quran that view human beings as distinct creations from God and hence no person should try to act as God. Cahill (2006) further denotes that the Islamic teaching relate the cloning of human beings as attempts to copy the work of God and is bound to lead to various errors in marital relationships. As argued by Caplan (2001), this has the capacity of disintegrating the family composition as well as tampering with the social lives of most human beings. Further, the Islamic religion questions the procedure arguing that it automatically interferes with the growth of families as well as affecting aspects of motherhood and fatherhood. Rab Khayat (n.d) show the Muslims argument that God created a female and a male so that the two could join hands and form a family through procreation. It was the wish of God that a man and a woman shall together procreate in order to fill the earth. It therefore becomes questionable what the role of marriage would play if several individuals are able to come up with human beings through cloning. This as noted by Klotzko(2001) means that a man will not be in need of a woman and vice verse hence contravening the wishes of God , the creator of human beings. Though Cahill (2006) does not state this aspect, in biological perspectives, it becomes obvious that a man may turn out to be superfluous contrary to females whose ova and uterus will be in much need. As denoted by Caplan (2001), this fact is enough to create a corruption of the societal functioning as well as affecting the natural balance since human cloning is believed to interfere with all the functions of interpersonal relations. According to Islamic teachings, the relationship between spouses signifies the cornerstone of the functioning of social institutions that was the reason why Allah created a male and a female and blessed them to become one entity. Therefore the connection of a man and a female as demanded by religion is contravened by the manipulation of embryo through human cloning. Though Muslims hold a unanimous endorsement on the use of cloning in therapeutical advancements, Sadeghi (2007) argues that the Sunni and Shiites demand that the lineage of a child must not in any instance be religiously blemished. Due to this, the Islamic religion as denoted by Howie (2002) therefore demands that the lineage involved in the reproduction must not be contravened through procedures such as human cloning and hence must be bound within the limits of spousal associations. The Islamic stand regarding human cloning based on the religions teachings, morals, beliefs and ethics therefore is that cloning of human embryo is a moral as well as religious contravention and therefore the technology must not be employed in any aspect apart from in therapy (Howie, 2002). The consequences of cloning to the Islamic society are also key issues about this technology to the Islamic religion. According to the religion, due to the advancement of this technology, there are fears about the ability of human beings to regenerate naturally (Howie, 2002). Therefore this technology acts contrary to the values and systems in which the human nature has acted within since history. Due to the consequences that human cloning holds, then the Islamic religion is justified to act against all forms of human cloning. According to Klotzko (2001), though Islam as a religion encourages the development of research as noted by Sheikh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi one of the leading Islamic researchers, the creation of new human beings through artificial ways however contravenes the morals of the religion. This therefore creates a very big twist in the perception of human cloning and therefore becomes a very difficult issue to address even in the contemporary society (Howie, 2002). Conception and Islamic Religion Since this research aimed at also addressing the religious views about conception, it is worth to scrutinize the Islamic views about conception and life. Human cloning is believed to in the first place tamper with the natural development of the embryos (Sadeghi, 2007). A seminar held in Kuwait in 1985 addressed the issue of Human life with key insights on inception with particular interest on the Islamic religious beliefs and teachings. This seminar believed that inception consists of three stages. The first stage as described in the seminar was the fertilization stage of ova and sperm to form the zygote where the genetic composition is developed. The second stage is when the fertilized zygote is implanted in the womb while the third stage is reached when life is embedded into the developing fetus which according to Islam starts at day 120 after inception (Al-Mazkur et al, 1985). According to the teachings of Islam, since conception, an embryo is considered as a living thing and therefore must not be tampered with even through abortion. However, the moment when life is embedded into the embryo, it acquires full human status which occurs 120 days after inception. This shows that Islam as a religion does not in its full status prohibit early embryonic research though it questions the ethical and moral ways through which this research is carried out (Sadeghi, 2007). Conclusion and Recommendations The issue of human cloning has taken central debates in the contemporary world. This research has established that though research in medicine and science holds a promising advancement through cloning, the technology is under much criticism. From government bans, withdrawal of funding for research to religious concerns, research in human cloning has not been simple to conduct. The Islamic religion though does not prohibit therapeutic cloning has been against human cloning technology citing ethical, moral, as well as religious beliefs and values against the technology. Further, with the detrimental consequences that outweigh the merits, the technology remains a prohibition throughout the world. It is therefore necessary to recommend that though scientists aim at advancing research in science, the debate on human cloning should not be centered on the scientific merits only. Further, scientific advances cannot be termed as threats to religious belief and values but the human culture and values must be borne into the minds of all the stakeholders involved in human cloning research and development. I can therefore recommend that since the world aims at advancing in technology and research, constructive dialogue is necessary that will enable the development of consensus regarding all the aspects of an upcoming technology.