Knowledge, Attitude and Breast Cancer Screening Practices in Ghana Essay Example for Free

Knowledge, Attitude and embrace malignant neoplastic disease Screening Practices in Ghana EssayINTRODUCTION disparager pubic lo practice in its simplest definition is the crabmeat of boob tissue. It is the most green nonskin crabmeat that affects women in the United States and the highest destiny rates of crabmeat deaths among women in low-resource countries (Anderson et al 2006). mischievousness of bureau pubic louse differs based on its experience aim of tissue invasion. Ductal carcinoma in situ is the most common non invading tit crab louse while infiltrating or invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common mammilla endurecer that accounts for to the highest degree 80% of invasive dumbbell crabmeat. titmouse lumps presentation is the comm unitary and only(a)st multifariousness of presentation regardless of the meet netcer type (ACS 2005).Epidemiologic factors be attri unlessed to dietary and environmental risk factors, although association of diet and embrace pubic louse had varied cores. Environmental risk factors involve the video to some(prenominal) toxic elements which accounts for the increased relative incidence of bosom pubic louse in Western countries. Alcohol intake is also considered to effect in the increase of the consider of cases in the US population. Age is also considered as cancer risk factor and can be attributed to hormonal change. Genetic variation and ethnicity are non out of scope for the investigation of breast cancer risk factors (Barton 2005).Diagnosis and Pathology of Breast cancer In 2002, Breast wellness world(a) Initiative (BHGI) together with panel of breast cancer experts and patient advocates develop a consensus of recommendations for the diagnosis of breast cancer in limited-resource countries (Shyyan 2006). Histopathologic diagnosis included fine-needle aspiration biopsy which was recognized as the least expensive, core needle biopsy and surgical biopsy and had a consensus of cho osing the method based on the availability of tools and expertise. They gave emphasis on the correlational statistics of histopathology, clinical and imaging findings. They hold on the need of histopathologic diagnosis before breast cancer intervention. In 2005, BHGI panel recommended an additional strategy of breast cancer man come alongment.They stratify diagnostic mathematical process and histopathology methods into basic, limited, raise, and maximalfrom lowest to highest resources. Basic level includes medical history of the patient, clinical breast interrogative, tissue diagnosis and medical record keeping. Limited level includes the increase resources that enable diagnostic imaging utilization such as ultrasound with or without mammography, tests that can evaluate metastasis, use of im fester-guided sampling and hormone receptor sampling. intensify level includes diagnostic mammography, bone scanning and an onsite cytologist. Maximal level includes mass concealment m ammography (Shyyan 2006).Treatment of Breast crab louse Treatment includes surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy or combinations of these three manipulation modalities. According to American crabmeat Society (2005), treatment can be local or systemic. Local treatment of the tumor is make without affecting the rest of the body. Surgery and radiation are examples of this treatment. On the other hand, systemic treatment which includes chemotherapy, hormone therapy and immu nonherapy, is given up into the bloodstream or by let the cat out of the bag to reach the cancer cells that may gift sp claim the beyond the breast. Radiotherapy is a treatment of breast cancer with high-energy rays to help shrink the cancer cells. It can be given outside of the body (external radiation) or can be placed directly into the tumor as radioactive materials (ACS 2005). It may be given external to the body. Radiotherapy requires safe and in force(p) application requiring appropriate facilities, sta ff and equipment. Radiotherapy should be applied without delay, should be accessible to all but without prolongation of the overall treatment era exposure. It is part of an integral part of breast-conserving treatment. It is required in some all women with the breast cancer, and thitherfore should be for sale (Bese 2006).Chemotherapy is the use of anticancer drugs that are administered through injection in the vein or taken orally as a pill. It may be given before breast cancer surgery to reduce the size of the tumor or may be given by and by the surgery to reduce the misfortune of recurrence (ACS 2005).This treatment is through with(p) in cycle the most common of which is 3-6 months. nigh common side make of these drugs usually stop once the treatment is over such as in hair falling. Some of drugs used as chemotherapy are tamoxifen, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil doxorubicin, epirubicin, taxane and aromatase . These are usually prescribed in combination, and treatment is done with adjuvant therapy such as radiotherapy and pre- and post operation ( Eniu 2006). Surgical management in breast cancer is real common. This is done to bear a focal point as much as the cancer as possible and to find out whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. Surgery can also restore the air of the breast and relieve the symptoms of advanced cancer. ACS (2005) released some of the common surgical procedures in breast cancer. These are lumpectomy, partial or segmental mastectomy, simple or summate mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy and radical mastectomy.RESULTS Breast cancer patients in Ghana. The present chew over which included women with mean age population of 48 years revealed an almost consistent perception with regards to breast cancer. They were certified that breast cancer is highly increasing in their place but not informed of the cause of disease. both of the responders were not aware of family breast cancer history except one. Information about breast cancer was acquired through television and radio programs. Only after consultation with doctors callable to lumps or pains in their breast and some due to liquid coming out of their breast, that they were informed that they film breast cancer. Most of them underwent breast tissue exam for confirmation of the disease.Afterwards, they were advised to undergo surgery with medical treatment. The responders were ignorant of the breast cancer natural covering and prevention. In fact, out of 10 responders, only 2 (20%) of them were aware of breast ego examination and clinical breast examination and admitted that they occasionally practice BSE. None of the responders knew about mammogram except for one (10%) of them who has heard of it but never had tried one. The feeling towards the knowledge of acquiring the disease was also the same the feeling of being a burden in the family was common.They were afraid to face the reality but have realized that they have to fight the disease through the encouragement and support of family members and help of medical professionals. The judge population was aware of the herbalist and faith healers but they did not yield themselves into that kind of treatment because herbalist have not proven cure for breast cancer. The most common complaint of the responders was the high cost of therapies, hospitalization and doctor fees.The treatment cost seethed to 250,000-24 million except to one of them who received a free treatment for being enrolled to a clinical trial. Sentiments of the participants were the same. Delay of treatment was attributed to their distant place from the health clinics some facilities like x-ray were not functional in the clinics and high cost of treatment. These people asked for the betterment of breast cancer management through education public exposure to the conjunction by health deal providers and a help from the government to provide financial support to those w ho cannot afford to submit themselves for treatment.Patients in breast cancer clinic. In this part of the conceive, women with mean age of 42 years who were in breast cancer clinic were included. Most common medical complaint was lump and pain in the breast while others submit themselves for screening because they have just heard it from the radio/TV. The study revealed that women who were attending the clinic were not in reality informed of the cause breast cancer but aware of its increasing rate of mortality. Misconception about the cause of breast cancer such as exposure to coins was not common but did not exclude the form of trauma due to manipulation of the breast. Others correlate breast cancer with smoking and fetching alcoholic beverages.They were not aware of their family history of breast cancer. Information regarding breast cancer was acquired through television and radio programs and others were through their friends and family members. Most of the respondents believe d that early detection and prompt treatment of the disease can prevent the unfavorable expiry of breast cancer such as removal of their breast or the worst would be cancer death.Only one out of 10 participants (10%) actually practice breast self examination (BSE). Most of them were informed of BSE but not actually practicing it. They were also aware of healers and herbalist but they did not believe that they can cure breast cancer but did not disagree of the possibility that herbalist and healers could treat other diseases or illnesses like hypertension.The participants suggested that it would be better if the government would provide or establish more health carry on clinics for breast cancer screening and provide free screening programs especially to those who cannot afford to pay for high cost of treatment of the disease and for an open-easy access to all especially to those in rural knowledge bases. One of the participants suggested that doctors should study further about the treatment of breast cancer instead of resorting to breast surgery.Healers involved in breast cancer management. M both of the population of Ghana are tranquillise patronising healers and herbalist as a resort of treatment. Two healers from Ghana were interviewed regarding their management of breast cancer. The healers have been into this practice for about 20-50 years. According to them, breast cancer is very common in Ghana and they are aware of the increasing incidence of the disease. They described breast cancer as an obosam disease and the other was a metaphysical disease. Healers believed that their ability to cure the disease inherited from their forefathers who taught them how to prepare herbs and provide them with dwarfs.They believed that doctors have no right treatment towards breast cancer because according to them they just remove the breasts of women and subsequently die. According to the healers they do not promote breast examinations to their patients because thes e are useless and cannot stop women from getting the disease. Despite the big machines available in the hospitals, women with breast cancer still die, according to them.Healers charge their patients with as much as 200,000-1(15-60) million depending on the patients condition. The healers admitted that there were cases of recurrence of the disease due to lost to embrace up and missed spiritual sessions. Healers do not refer patients to hospitals rather, they encourage hospital doctors to refer their patients to healers because they are more capable of treating breast cancer.Breast cancer consultants. aesculapian health professionals play a significant role in the cognizance of breast cancer. They have the power to influence their patients toward right management of the disease. In the present study, surgeon/breast cancer consultants were interviewed. Consultants as expected were aware of the increasing incidence of breast cancer but they cannot give an exact hear due to absence o f cancer registry in the place however they were able to attend to 200-300 new cases of breast cancer annually with age range starting from 20 years and in a higher place. They revealed that women in Ghana associate breast cancer to death because after undergoing breast caner surgery they usually die.People in Ghana link medical intervention and death which made the women in this place afraid of the disease and lead them to negative attitude towards the disease. Consultants believed that there were several misconceptions about the disease. They were also aware that healers and herbalist delay the presentation of patients to hospital which accounted for the late stage of diagnosis. National Screening Program would service the people in Ghana for early detection of breast cancer and prompt treatment, however, they did not deny the fact it would be difficult to establish such program due to lack of funds by the government at present time. Consultants were aware of the limited resourc es of the needed for the implementation of the program.They believe that it is much easier and feasible to educate the women on simple screening methods such as regular breast self examination and encourage practitioners to take advantage of examining the breasts of their patients. There are also NGOs who are engaged in some activities like providing health care assistance. Consultants revealed that they receive referrals from district regions and from private practitioners. All patients with breast cancer are candidates for surgery. There are just some procedures that lead to untoward incident which cause the people to blame the doctors. According to consultants, one big problem that they encounter is the delay of the result of tissue exam from the pathologists which sometimes lead them to acquire the high cost of private laboratory. According to consultants the 5-year survival rate in Ghan is 25% which is disappointing.According to radioscopy consultant, patients present themselve s to treatment once they are already in advanced stage, most at stage 3 and 4. They revealed the common factors that influence the delay of treatment among Ghana women. Most of the patients were scared of the procedure of breast cancer treatment like in breast surgery which have many another(prenominal) social and jointure implications.The high cost of the procedure hinders the patient to go to the doctors. Consultants revealed that surgical procedure may cost 2-3million ( 150-200), radiotherapy is about 3-4 million ( 200-300) and chemotherapy is around 6 million (400). Although surgical treatment cost is covered in National Health Insurance, the cost of radiotherapy and chemotherapy are excluded. Mammography which is an effective tool in breast cancer screening costs 400,000 (30) in private health institution and around 250,000 (20).DISCUSSION WITH REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES The present study aimed to increase the awareness of the women in Ghana to breast cancer and the benef its that can be gained from breast cancer screening. The knowledge, attitude, deportment and practices of the women regarding early detection of breast cancer were analyzed. The ultimate aim of the study was to reduce the mortality rate of breast cancer. The study revealed that there were still misconceptions about breast cancer despite the information gathered from televisions and radio programs. attendance of Ghanaian women in breast clinic did not mean that they were informed of the nature of their disease. Only few of them were also aware of preventive procedure in catching breast cancer. Local healers and spiritualists also delayed the presentation of the patients to the hospital which contributed to the late diagnosis of the disease. Difference in the disease management of health professionals can be attributed to the location of practice and availability of resources.Several factors thought to affect the breast cancer screening program were the poor education of the Ghanai an towards prevention awareness against breast cancer lack of initiative of the people to spread the knowledge of breast cancer screening such as simple breast self examination and clinical breast examination the inaccessibility of the of primary health care and the organizers the unavailability of the appropriate screening tools like x-ray and mammography in the community and its high cost and the lack of support from the government.The following review of cogitate literatures will help in the intelligence of breast cancer and breast cancer screening.Because of the continuous increasing preponderance of breast cancer and high cost of treatment, breast cancer screening remains the most cost effective way of cancer management (Parkin and Fernandez 2006).Most of the world faces resource constraints that hinder the capacity to improve early detection, prompt diagnosis and sufficient treatment of the breast cancer. either country finds its way to develop evidenced based, economically feasible and culturally appropriate guidelines that can be utilized by countries of limited health care resources to improve breast cancer outcomes (Anderson 2006).Adaptive strategies should be applied to ease the growing burden of breast cancer. In 2005, according to Smith and his colleagues (2006), the Breast Health Global Initiative (BHGI) held its second summit in Bethesda, MD with the intention of reaffirming the principle of requiring all women of all resource levels to support in seeking health care and assuring the access to affordable and appropriate diagnostic tests and treatment intervention against breast cancer. They recommended breast health awareness to all women including the basic resources. They enhanced the basic facilities for effective training of relevant staff in clinical breast examination (CBE) or breast self examination and even the feasibleness of mammography.magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic resonance imaging is one of the breast cancer screening proce dures. It has been increasingly used as tool for early diagnosis of breast cancer. This screening tool has shown to detect cancers even they are small and potentially proven to be more curable than mammography alone.However, MRI is more costly than mammography and can lead to unnecessary breast biopsies, thus causing anxiety and discomfort to patient. On the other hand, a query study about the cost-effectiveness of breast MRI screening by cancer risk where they included the cancer detection ability of MRI, characteristics of women with dense breast tissue and women with high inherited breast cancer risk, revealed mortality reduction and cost effectiveness of breast MRI screening added to mammography in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers (Kurian 2006). The hallmark of morality and morbidity of breast cancer can be attributed to the late presentation of the patients at an advanced stage of breast cancer. It is when there is no or little benefit that can be derived from any treatment m odality. In a study conducted by Okobia and colleagues (2006), the knowledge, attitude and practice of community dwellers of Nigeria towards breast cancer were analyzed.They recruited urban-dwelling women with conducted an interviewer-administered questionnaires to elicit sociodemographic information regarding knowledge, attitude and practice towards breast cancer. It was prepare out that the participants had poor knowledge of breast cancer. Only 214 out of 1000 participants knew that breast cancer is presented initially with breast lumps. Breast cancer examination practices were low. Only 432 participants were able carry out breast self examination while only 91 participants had clinical breast examination. This study revealed that participants with higher level of education were significantly more knowledgeable about breast cancer.Ethnicity or race- related to culture and beliefs are factors that affect the increase in prevalence of breast cancer mortality. Paterniti (2006) inve stigated how ethnically diverse women who are eligible for tamoxifen prophylaxis because of their breast cancer risk decide about tamoxifen use for risk reduction. Prior to the study, there was discussion of the benefits and risks of tamoxifen as prophylaxis.The study which included African-American, White, and Latina women, of 6178 years, revealed that fear of breast cancer was not prominent and they were not inclined to take tamoxifen as preventive therapy after receiving the information. Participants showed limited unwillingness to take the medication with potential adverse effects. This study revealed that women felt that they had other options other than taking the risk of tamoxifen to reduce their risk of breast cancer, including early detection, diet, faith and other alternative therapies. Graham (2002) conducted a research about the relationship amid beliefs and practice of breast self examination (BSE in a black women population of 20-49 years of age. It was found out that health beliefs were much stronger in ascertain BSE performance for a given individual than were demographic characteristics. Breast self examination was related to increased perceived seriousness of breast cancer, benefit of the procedure and health motivation and was noted to have inverse relationship with perceived barriers.A related study was narrationed by Mitchell and colleagues (2002), about the effects of religious beliefs with other variables on breast cancer screening and the intended presentation of self-discovered breast lump. This study included women aging 40 years and above and were interviewed in their homes. Most of the interviewees believed that doctors cure breast cancer with Gods intervention which was labeled as religious intervention with treatment. This dimension was found out to be correlated with self-reported mammography but no clinical breast examination or intention to delay presentation of self-discovered breast lump.Minority of them believed treatment of breast cancer was unnecessary because only God could cure the disease which was labeled as religious intervention in place of treatment, and was significantly more common among African-American women who are less educated and older. This was correlated with the strong intention of delaying the presentation of self-discovered breast lump. It was concluded that religious intervention in place of treatment contributes significantly the delay presentation of breast cancer among African-American that contribute largely to the advanced-stage cancer diagnosis.The cause of breast cancer is still unclear. Adjei (2006) who grew up in Ghan and had some work about breast cancer. In his letter, he revealed his sentiments about the genetic residuums in breast cancer. He had been aware of the incidence of breast cancer in Ghana since 1974 to 1999.He noted that the peak incidence of breast cancer in Ghana is in younger women with age range of 40-45 years while in United States and Caucasians, the peak incidence is in older age groups. Adjei (2006) pointed out that women of different places and environments, with different diets have quasi(prenominal) epidemiology of breast cancer. In an argument which revealed number of breast cancer in African-Americans but rare in native African has been used to suggest that ethnicity is one factor of acquiring the disease, however, according to Adjei (2006), this information is leading because cancer has not been well-studied in Africa.Researchers are still finding their ways to fully disclose the correlation of genetic signature in breast tumors that are presently noted to be a powerful predictor of cancer spread and cancer death. In a limited study conducted by Kolata (2002), she included few patients who are relatively. As she stated in her report, scientists said that the activity of a collection of 70 genes appear to predict cancer mortality better than traditional measures like tumor size, cancer stage or lymph node spread to t he axilla of women. She revealed in her study that 5.5% of women with good genetic signature died within the next decade while 45% of women are those of with bad genetic signatures.Adherence to the treatment viands of breast cancer plays a big role in the improvement of disease outcome. There are no much literature about the factors associated to the behavior that influence the patient to delay or cause an incomplete adherence to the recommended follow up in patients with breast cancer. In a study conducted by Kaplan (2006), race/ethnicity, country of birth, financial issues fear of pain and difficulty of communicating with the healthcare providers are the barriers to seek follow up consultationBreast pubic louse Screening There was decline in breast cancer mortality rate of 0.9% in African American women while 2.1% was the decline in breast cancer mortality rate in non-Hispanic White women (Stewart et al 2004 as stated by Settersten , Dopp, and Tjoe, (2005). On the contrary, De K oning (2000), questioned in his study the cost effectiveness of breast cancer screening. His idea came out when he analyzed his expectations of the reduction of breast cancer mortality after breast cancer screening. He stated in his study that the Dutch program of 2-yearly screening for women aged 50-70 would produce a 16% reduction in the total population.As stated in his research paper, the actual benefit that can be achieved from breast cancer screening programs is overstated. According to him breast cancer screening need to be carefully equilibrate against the burden to women and health care system. De Koning (2000) stated that effects of breast cancer screening program depend on many factors such as epidemiology of the disease, the health care system, costs of health care, quality of the screening program and the attendance rate.Groot, M. T. et al (2006) estimated the costs and health effects of breast cancer interventions in epidemiologically different regions of Africa, nor thwestern America and Asia. They developed a mathematical simulation model of breast cancer using the different stages of cancer, its distribution and case fatality rates in the absence and presence of treatment as predictors of survival. The study resulted to a conclusion that untreated patients were the most sensitive to case fatality rates. This study suggest that treating breast cancer at stage 1 and introduction of an extensive breast cancer program are the most cost effective breast cancer interventions. This study is supported by the research done by Aylin and colleagues (2005). They recruited women at the mammography clinic to evaluate the knowledge about breast cancer and mammography as breast cancer screening procedure. The striking result of this study is that most of the participants (95.3% of the total participants) were aware that women should have mammography screening periodically. They were informed of the fact that breast cancer screening such as mammography could help in the early detection of breast cancer. However, less than 50% of them admitted that they had never had mammography screening.Majority of the respondents (71.1%) were practicing breast self-examination. other related study was conducted by Dundar and colleagues (2006), since breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in Turkey , they determined the t the knowledge and attitudes of women in a rural area in western Turkey about breast self examination and mammography.They recruited women with age ranging from 20-64 years. Although majority of the participants have heard or read about breast cancer only 56.1% of them had sufficient knowledge about breast cancer and some admitted that they acquired the information from their health care professionals. Those with information of woman chaser cancer were also those who practice breast self examination. This study revealed that health care professionals play a big role in information dissemination about breast cancer .Table 1. Recommendations for routine mammographic screening in North American women aged 40 years or older who are at average risk for breast cancer*Group (date of recommendations)Frequency of screening (yr)Included ages (yr)40-4950-6970Government-sponsored and private groupsUS Preventive Services Task withdraw (2002)**1-2YesYesYes***Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health cautiousness (1998, 1999, 2001)1-2NoYesNoNational Institutes of Health consensus conference (1997)No+American Cancer Society (1997)1YesYesYesNational Cancer Institute (2002)1-2YesYesYesMedical societiesAmerican College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2000)1-2 if aged 40-49 yr1 if aged 50 yrYesYesYesAmerican Medical Association (1999)1YesYesYesAmerican College of Radiology (1998)1YesYesYesAmerican College of Preventive Medicine (1996)1-2NoYesYesAmerican Academy of Family Physicians (2001)1-2No+YesNoAmerican geriatrics Society (1999)1-2Yes***Advocacy groupsNational Breast Cancer Coalition (2000)No+NoNationa l Alliance of Breast Cancer Organizations (2002)1YesYesYesSusan B. Komen Foundation (2002)1YesYesYesThe above table was taken from the study conducted by Barton (2005)There are several ways presented and studied for breast cancer screening. Its concern is to reduce the prevalence of cancer mortality and to improve the quality of life as a result of early detection, however, there are still people that are not aware of breast cancer screeningIn response to increase the worldwide awareness of breast cancer, breast cancer advocacy movement has been analyzing the common experiences of women with breast cancer around the world especially those with limited resources. They found out that although there are language barriers, sentiments were consistent across cultures cancer survivors have the same experiences and fears. The beliefs and taboos about breast cancer hinder the awareness programs and treatment. There are also limited resources for public education and awareness. Difficulty in go throughing and translating the concept of the disease into English also hinders them in the public awareness of breast cancer (Errico and Rowden 2006).In accordance with this, sociological review of the barriers experienced by the women from different traditional cultures is essential not just to image patterns of late breast cancer diagnosis but also the importance of interventions and programs. This is necessary for them to understand the preventive health care, specifically in breast cancer. This is because many are still ignorant of the breast cancer. According to Remennick (2006), health care providers and policymakers should try to understand and influence women especially those who are cancer risk to be aware of the disease to detect and treat breast cancer early. There are many structural barriers that hinder women especially those living in rural areas.Socioeconomic factors include poor health insurance, distance to medical facilities and inability to take time off wor k. Organizational barriers include difficulty in navigating complex health care systems and interacting with medical staff. Psychological and sociocultural barriers are poor health motivation, demurral of personal risk, fatalism mistrust of cancer treatments and fear of becoming a burden on the family members.Still in other cultural behavior, especially in Muslims, women are strongly controlled by men and therefore may prohibit women in breast cancer screening. Remennick (2006) includes in his study the different approaches that lower the mentioned barriers, including implementation of shake up the educational programs that would enlighten people regarding cancer myths and fallacies. He suggests that health care professional must outreach to their co ethnics.Primary health care providers play a critical role in determining the compliance with treatment and preventive practices through direct recommendations to their patients. Family physicians and general internists showed that 70 % of women who received a provider referral accurate a screening mammography within one year versus only 18% of self-referred women (Grady et al 1997 as stated by Santora 2003). However, Over 90% of rural women report that a doctors recommendation to have breast cancer screening is important (Sparks et al 1996 as stated by Santora 2003).It should be noted that clinician compliance is contributed by several factors such as relation with provider, guideline of the treatment, patients behavior and environmental factors. Several studies have been conducted to report the differences of health services in rural, urban and suburban areas with regards to their health care services in the family practice clinics. It has been pointed out that lower utilization has been a significant factor. Those rural health practitioners have less access to health care services. In a study done by Pol and his colleagues (2001), suggested that rural health services do not lag for patients with access after revealing that 9 out of 16 services examined were as high or higher in rural areas.Another study to examine the variations in breast cancer screening among primary care clinicians by geographic location of clinical practice was done by Santora (2003). Physicians, nurse practitioners and physician assistants were included in the study and were classified into urban, rural and suburban categories based upon practice location. The study revealed that although there was no significant difference in the practice location, there was evident variation in the practice of breast screening.It was reported that urban and suburban health practitioners were less compliant with the use of breast cancer guidelines as compared to clinicians in rural areas. Primary care clinicians, including physicians, nurse practitioners and physicians assistants lack a consistent. This study revealed that geographical location is not the main factor of inconsistent medical approach to breast cancer screening. Alt hough the difference in the approaches to the procedure is uncertain in this study.A related study about General Practitioners (GPs) knowledge, beliefs and attitudes toward breast screening, and their association with practice based-organizations of breast cancer screening, was conducted by Bekker, Morrisona and Marteau (1999). This study revealed that womens attendance for breast cancer screening may be increased due to raising GPs perceptions of the threat of breast cancer. General practitioners addressed their concerns about the procedure and enhanced their views on the importance of primary health care in breast cancer screening programs.REFERENCEAdjei, A. A., 2006, A final word about genetic differences, American Association for Cancer Research, Available at http//www.aacr.org/page4444.aspx.American Cancer Society 2005, Available at http//www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_2_1X_What_is_breast_cancer_5.aspAnderson, B. 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M., 2006, ORIGINAL ARTICLE GLOBAL EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODSUse of Statistics to Assess the Global Burden of Breast Cancer, The Breast Journal, vol 12 no. 1, pp. S70S80.Paterniti, A. D. 2006, Im Going To Die of Something Anyway Womens Perceptions of Tamoxifen for Breast Cancer Risk Reduction, Ethnicity Disease, vol. 15 no. 3, pp. 365372, Available at http//apt.allenpress.com/aptonline/?request=get-abstractissn=1049-510Xvolume=015 issue=03page=0365.Pol, L. G. et al, 2001, cracker-barrel, urban and suburban comparisons of preventive services in family practice clinics, Journal of Rural Health, vol 17 no 2, pp 114-121.Reichenbach, L., 2002, The Politics of Priority Setting for Reproductive HealthBreast and Cervical Cancer in Ghana, Reproductive Health Matters, vol 10 no 20, pp. 47-58.Remennick, L. 2006, ORIGINAL ARTICLE SOCIOCULTURAL BARRIERS TO CAREThe Challenge of Early Breast Cancer Detection among Immigrant and Minority Women in Multicultural Societies, The Breast Journal, vol 12 no 1, pp. S103S110.Rimer, B. R. 1995, Adherence to Cancer Screening, Available at https//www.moffitt.usf.edu/pubs/ccj/v2n6/article4.htmlSantora, L M. 2003, Breast cancer screening beliefs by practice location, BMC Public Health, vol 3 no 9, Available at http//www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/3/9.Settersten, L., Dopp, A. and Tjoe, J., 2005, Breast cancer epidemiology Myths and science, Available at http//www.son.wisc.edu/ce/programs /asynch/bccd/1-introduction.htm.Shyyan, R. et al, 2006, BREAST HEALTH GLOBAL INITIATIVE Breast Cancer in Limited-Resource Countries Diagnosis and Pathology. The Breast Journal, vol 12 no.1, pp. S27S37.Smith, R. A. et al, 2006, BREAST HEALTH GLOBAL INITIATIVE Breast Cancer in Limited-Resource Countries Early Detection and Access to Care, The Breast Journal, vol 12 no.1, pp. S16S26.Wallace, L. S. and Gupta, R. 2003, Predictors of Screening for Breast and Colorectal Cancer among Middle-aged Women, Family Medicine Journal, vol 35 no 5, pp. 349-354Weight Gain a Big reckon in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer, 2006, Journal of the American Medical Association, Available athttp//www.aphroditewomenshealth.com/news/20060612001144_health_news.shtmlYip, C. H. et al, 2006, BREAST HEALTH GLOBAL INITIATIVE Breast Cancer in Limited-Resource Countries Health Care Systems and Public Policy, The Breast Journal, vol 12 no. 1, pp. S54S69.

World Conservation Union Essay Example for Free

World Conservation Union EssayUNESCO is an foreign organization organism a specialized agency of the United Nations. UNESCO was established in 1945 and their goal is to contribute and assist security and peace. Actually, UNESCO promotes international collaboration in the spheres of science, education and finish to achieve universal respect for promoting human rights and fundamental freedoms. It is necessary to outline that the organization has five major programs (procedures) innate(p) sciences, education, communication and information technologies, human and socials sciences and, finally, culture.UNESCO is nourishment by government funds as well as by public and private sponsors, donations, etc. UNESCO is the sponsor of projects that involve teacher-training programs, literacy questions and international science programs. redundant attention is paid to promotion of freedom of press, independent media, cultural history, cultural diversity, international cooperation, natura l heritage, human rights and world-wide digital divide. Apparently, the organization has strong political support in all European and some Asian countries.The World Conservation Union is an international organization dealing with conservation of natural resources. This organization was founded in 1948 and nowadays brings together more than 80 states and hundred government agencies from countries around the world. The goals of the organization are to affect, to assist and to stimulate societies of the world to protect and to conserve natural diversity and integrity to provide guidance of natural resource and re-assure that any of them is ecologically sustainable.The main policies are to provide guidance and technical support to UN organizations, international conventions and governments as well as to G8 to assist in developing of new sites for natural conservation to contribute to natural biodiversity strategies an plans to ensure technical support for environmental laws aimed at pro tection of natural resources, etc. Therefore, organization is funded by governments and private sponsors.ReferencesThe World Conservation Union an Alliance to Care for the Earth. (1994, February). Retrieved January 18, 2007, from http//findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1994_Feb/ai_15630441 Official Website of UNESCO. Retrieved January 18, 2007, from http//portal. unesco. org/en/ev. php-URL_ID=29008URL_DO=DO_TOPICURL_SECTION=201. html What is the World Conservation Union. Retrieved January 18, 2007, from http//www. iucn. org/en/about/

Prison Nursery Essay Example for Free

Prison Nursery EssayThe authors describe prison house nurseries as living arrangements within a correctional facility that take on incarcerated mothers to keep their infants (born during their incarceration) with them through all or part of their sentence. This article brings to question whether these women should be treated any differently than any other incarcerated women and who should pay for these political programs. The authors subscriber line that this may be one of the most controversial debates surrounding the imprisonment of women. At the time of this study, the authors note that there are currently 8 states that show prison greenhouse programs California, Indiana, Illinois, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, South Dakota, and Washington. This is up from only 3 states in 1998 and notes that New York has had a prison nursery program since 1901. The authors illustrate studies that curb shown that the recidivism rate among women who have been allowed to keep their children in prison nurseries is lower than that of other women. However, limited studies have been cited concerning the development of children born into and raised within a prison nursery program. The authors discuss the cost of prison nursery programs as being one major hurdle into starting and/or continuing these programs. Most nursery programs are segregated from the general prison population and are staffed with both civilian and correctional staff, allowing for public and private funding to be used. The authors note that a large percentage of the children in prison nursery programs would otherwise be cared for through public dollars whether it be within the foster care system or public assistance to the interim caregiver during the mothers incarceration so there seems to be little difference in the funding or use of funding in barriers of child care. Through several studies the authors note the strict guidelines for eligibility for these programs, including type of crime, past history of abuse, and length of sentence. Each program has its on set of criteria and rules but the authors state that the idea behind the programs is the same wherever it is incorporated and that is to provide an opportunity for mother and child to succeed. The authors conclude that prison nurseries should be more widely available as the trend of women being incarcerated has continued to rise and no decline seems to be forthcoming. They note that studies into the long term effects on children born into prison nurseries is also needed as well as re-entry into society must be closely monitored and facilitated in fix for true results to be determined.

The Issue Of Eve Teasing Sociology Essay

The Issue Of eve Teasing Sociology Essay Eve galling is a very common social problem and everyday wo custody deign across some form of eve teasing. In this case, do you think that women should be empowered to weigh back to end this evil act beg off and IllustrateAai shundori, ekta gaan shuney jao na, said matchless of the boys. Ekdin toh amar shathey jetei hobey, said anformer(a). Terrified, fourteen year old Lima kept her head lowered and quickened her pace as she walked to school. That group of notorious boys heckling her again as they stool been for the past few weeks. Three months ago one of the girlfriends in her school committed self-destruction. When she heard the news, Lima couldnt take to out why another young girl like her would take her own life. That was until all this daily harassment started. She thought to herself, So this is what Shathi must devote felt like, this humiliation, this embarrassment, this is why she killed herself . . . so this is the terrible Eve Teasing.Eve teasing is a euphemism used for public sexual harassment, street harassment or harassment of women by men. It is a growing social problem considered to be related to delinquency in youth. This is a form of sexual aggression that ranges in acerbity from sexually suggestive remarks, brushing in public places, catcalls, to outright groping. Sometimes it is referred to with a coy suggestion of innocent fun, making it appear harmless with no resulting liability on the part of the performer. Eve teasing, as heinous as it is, is thus also a difficult crime to prove. In my opinion, eve teasing is a very serious moral and social crime carried out by ruffians in the most corrupting manner and it is not so very much an act of masculinity besides rather of low-life cowardice.The general socioeconomic status in Bangladesh is much lower comp bed to neighboring countries such as India and Sri Lanka. For the aver senesce girl in Bangladesh, one of her most prized possessions i s her dignity. Following the culture and traditions also have the girls dress up in a conservative manner so as not to incite uncalled attention from the males. Historically, the upbringing of girls in Bangladesh differs in many ways from the boys. That is one of the reasons why the psychological impact and consequences of eve teasing are so devastating to the victim and her family. Eve teasing is now a social pandemic in Bangladesh. Based on empirical study (2008), the hurt Project has identified some impacts of eve teasing in the society of rural Bangladesh. These area) Curtailed education Sexual harassment increases girls drop-out rate from school. Parents concerned close their daughters honor or safety sometimes keep their daughters home and/or marry them off at an early age.b) Early marriage Girls who are rag or harassed are also pushed into marriage, before they are physically or mentally prepared. This also leads to increase of maternal and infant deaths.c) Hindered develo pment Eve teasing contributes to maintaining the low status of women. It also hinders women in participating in the formal employment sector. As nearly half of the population of the country are women, for the economic development of the country their participation in employment is a must.d) Eve teasing leads to young womanhoods suicide in Bangladesh. Some young women, ineffective to bear the repeated insults, have even gone so far as to commit suicide.According to the Bangladesh National Women Lawyers Association (BNWLA), almost 90% of girls elder between 10 and 18 years are victims of public sexual harassment.According to the Ain-O-Shalish Kendra (ASK) human rights organization, atleast fourteen girls and women have taken their own lives between shew and June 2010 across Bangladesh as a direct result of eve teasing.It has not only been suicides, but, even parents of the victims and protestors against eve teasers have been assaulted and killed by the perpetrators.From January to November 2010, twenty six effeminates and one father of a bullied girl committed suicide, and ten men and two women were murdered after protesting against eve teasing / sexual harassment, according to a East Pakistani rights group.The High Court on November 02nd 2010 expressed grave concern in stalking, tragic suicides of victims, and associated revenge killings. Since then, mobile courts in Bangladesh have been empowered to prosecute mess accused of sexually harassing women or eve teasing. Anyone convicted of sexual harassment or stalking of women go forth face a year in jail or a fine of about BDT 5000 or both.The Ministry of Children and Women Affairs have linked up with mobile phone service providers in Bangladesh and taken the initiative to practice mass text messages urging people to be more vocal against eve teasing.Underc over police have been stationed in playgrounds to prevent young males from molesting female pupils.UNICEF has also joined in the fight against the gr owing social peril of eve teasing in Bangladesh. UNICEF and its partners also are working to create sensory faculty by establishing and supporting local adolescent groups called Kishori Clubs. The clubs allow girls and boys to learn to socialize in positive ways and they participate in activities that empower them to become agents of change. in that respect are also laws that essentially make Eve teasing a punishable crime. For exampleSection 10 of Women and Children Repression and Prevention Act provides for punishment of stringent imprisonment up to 10 years and a fine if a person with a view to il juristicly satisfy his sexual lust by any of his organ touches genital organ or any part of the body of a woman or violates her military reserve.Section 9A of the same Act states that if a woman commits suicide because of violation of her modesty by willing acts of any person without her consent or against her will, such person for the offence of instigating her to commit suicide wil l be punishable with rigorous punishment for a term not exceeding 10 yearsSection 354 of Bangladesh Penal Code provides for a punishment of up to two years and a fine for any person who assaults or uses criminal force to any woman intending to outrage her modesty or contending it is plausibly that said act would.Alike Bangladesh, eve teasing has also been a nuisance in India. The Government of India took some admirable steps to deal with the problem. They took effective remedial measures both judicial and law enforcement wise. The police were asked to be on the alert to round up Eve teasers. The deployment of apparently clothed female police officers for the purpose was particularly effective. In addition to this were Womens help-lines, Women police stations and also, special anti-eve teasing cells by the police were set up in various cities. In some cities where the problem was particularly serious like Tamil Nadu, eve teasing was made a non-bail able offence. I believe that if the Government of Bangladesh also applies such measures, eve teasing will be further controlled to some extent.While the above are some encourage examples of initiatives undertaken to combat eve teasing, I think that another crucial element that would help this cause is women organism empowered as means to fight back.The roles that men and women play in society are not biologically determined they are socially determined, changing and changeable. Although they may be justified as being required by culture or religion, these roles vary widely by locality and change over time. UNFPA has found that applying culturally sensitive approaches can be the key to advancing womens rights while respecting different forms of social organization. Womens empowerment is vital to sustainable development and the realization of human rights for all.Empowerment means giving legal and moral power to an individual in all spheres of life social, economic, political, psychological, religious and spiritu al, which are essential for the survival and over all development of the mankind. Empowerment expresses the cobwebby idea that all people have claims to social arrangement that protect them from the worst abuses and deprivations and secure the freedom for a life of dignity. The process of empowerment helps miscue the priority to the most deprived and excluded, especially to deprivations because of discrimination. Womens empowerment could be considered as a process in which women gain greater share of control over resources, material, human and intellectual like knowledge, information, ideas and financial resources like money. Women should also be given control over decision making in the home, community and the society. They should be able to break free of the mould set by patriarchal norms.According to Labour Force Survey 2000 of the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), the total estimated civilian drudge forces of the country is 60.3 million and among them 37.81% are female.T hese days women are increasingly entering into job market mainly in ready-made garments and allied sector, tea gardens, NGOs, health care services, food processing industry, export processing zones, services sectors and commercial enterprises and informal sector such as construction, agriculture etc. One of the major(ip) areas where women have found employment has been the garment sector. This industry employs around 10 million people directly or indirectly, of which ninety percent are women workers. In Bangladesh, women are also involved with politics. The prime minister, foreign minister, home minister, agriculture minister, deputy leader of the House and the leader of the opposition are female. Yet, according to a survey, every five minutes a woman is sexually harassed. Every two minutes one woman is molested. Eve teasing is something that a woman has to contend with everyday. But, we can make it better for our women by resolving the following problems of the different Empowerme nt typesSocial Empowerment Social empowerment includes equation of treatment, equality of respect, equality of opportunity, equality of recognition and above all equality of status. The indicators of social empowerment of women include the base of gender inequality, sex ratios, life expectancy rate and fertility rates which shows the general status of women in terms of literacy, economic growth, availability of health care and birth control facilities, educational status of women, age at marriage, literacy rates and participation of women outside the home.Economic Empowerment In nearly every country, women work longer hours than men, but are usually paying(a) less and are more likely to live in poverty. Poor women do more unpaid work, work longer hours and may accept degrading working conditions during times of crisis, just to ensure that their families survive. In subsistence economies, women spend much of the day performing tasks to maintain the household, such as carrying water and collecting give the axe wood. In many countries women are also responsible for agricultural production and selling. Often they take on paid work or entrepreneurial enterprises as well. Unpaid domestic work from food preparation to care giving directly affects the health and overall well being and quality of life of children and other household members. Yet womens voices and lived experiences whether as workers (paid and unpaid), citizens, or consumers are still largely missing from debates on finance and development.Educational Empowerment Education is important for everyone, but it is especially significant for girls and women. This is true not only because education is an entry point to other opportunities, but also because the educational achievements of women can have strut effects within the family and across generations. Investing in girls education is one of the most effective ways to reduce poverty. Girls who have been educated are likely to marry later and to have smaller and healthier families. Educated women can recognize the importance of health care and know how to seek it for themselves and their children. Education helps girls and women to know their rights and to gain confidence to claim them.Political Empowerment Throughout much of the world, womens equality is undermined by historical imbalances in decision-making power and access to resources, rights, and entitlements for women. Either by law or by custom, women in many countries still lack rights toOwn land and to inherit propertyObtain access to credit mention and stay in schoolEarn income and move up in their work, free from job discriminationMoreover, women are still widely under-represented in decision-making at all levels, in the household and in the public sphere. Addressing these inequities through laws and public policy is a way of formalizing the goal of gender equality. Legal changes, which most countries have now implemented, are often a necessary step to institute gend er equality. But addressing the gaps between what the law proscribes and what actually occurs often requires broad, integrated campaigns, which I believe each of us should take the initiative of.Jawaharlal Nehru had said, To awaken the people, it is the women who must be awakened. Once she is on the move, the family moves, the village moves, the nation moves. I do add up with that statement. We can help curb eve teasing by empowering our women. Instead of feeling abused by hooligans, misunderstood and shamed by their families, shunned by the society, our women will be better equipped to deal with the situation. Be it with pepper spray cans or other passive approaches, an educated and aware woman can, by herself, fight back the evil act of eve teasing.

Geographical Analysis of Nankana Sahib, Pakistan

Geographical Analysis of Nankana Sahib, PakistanIntroduction of Nankana sahibA brief history of metropolisThis city was named after the first Guru of Sikhs Guru Nanak Dev Ji. It is capital of Nankana Sahib soil. This city has historic significance regarding religion because Guru Nanak Dev Ji spread the light of the universal message to this world so it is a city of high historic and religious value and is a popular pilgrimage site for Sikhs from all over the world especially India. (http//www.sgpc.net/historical-gurdwaras/gurdwaras_in_pakistan.asp, 2011)It is bounded by Hafizabad on North and located about 75 kilometers south west of Lahore and about 55 kilometers east of Faisalabad and Its Southern boundary is formed by order Okara. (http//nha.gov.pk/?option=com_contentview=articleid=403%3Anankana-sahibcatid=62%3AtourismItemid=82showall=1, 2011)Earlier the township was known as Rai-Bhoi-Di-Talwandi and was renamed after the birth of Guru Nanak as Nankana Sahib. Formerly the ara a round Nankana Sahib was a tehsil of partition Sheikhupura District. In 2005 the Punjab Government decide to rear the status of city as a District.Climate and soil conditions of cityThe climate of the city is subject to extreme deviations. From the affectionateness of December to the middle of March the air is very moist or cold and light to moderate rain falls at intervals. The season of the winter rains is followed by a hex of very pleasant weather. In April the temperature rises fast and the cardinal consecutive months are very hot. Towards the end of June Monsoon conditions appear and during the following two and a half months spells of rainy weather alternate with intervals of hot oppressive weather. The average rainfall in the district is about 635 mm. The upland or the cast out in the North West, in the natural condition, is a level prairie thickly dotted over with a stunted under-growth of bush jungle. The Bar Soil is popularly known as Missie. The low land on the river Ravi has light soil. The central portion which is the Deg Valley has stiff soil. Stiff soil is either Rohi or Kallarathi depending on the salt (kallar) contents. (Awan, 2009)Geographical limitslatAdministrative limitsFormerly the city was a tehsil of Sheikhupura District. In May 2005 the Government of Punjab decided to raise the status of the city as a District with an aim that the economic condition of city along with the surrounding areas lift because it is a pilgrimage center for Sikhs from all over the globe. there is development especially of road network along all the city. Changes has been made in the administrative bodies of city form tehsil to district level administration.Nankana Sahib District is administratively sectioned into three tehsils.Nankana SahibSangla HillShahkotOn 1 December 2008, Safdarabad was reattached to Sheikhupura District. (http//www.dawn.com/news/138586/nankana-becomes-district, 2005) ripening in Nankana cityPrivate impresarios and State Government ha ve intend to develop Nankana Sahib District with various projects, includingA rest house for Sikh pilgrimsA new International Hotel for the people of the districtA shopping promA housing schemeA modern hospitalA road-link to the Lahore and Faisalabad dual-carriagewayDistrict Complex Nankana SahibThe International Guru Nanak UniversityThe prospect for development of an airport has been outstretched in the district Nankana Sahib. The Government of Punjab has decided to link the city with provincial capital Lahore. (http//punjabroadways.gov.in/amritsar-nankanasahib.htm, 2006) plane sections in Nankana districtDistrict Education DepartmentDistrict Health allot DepartmentDistrict Police DepartmentDistrict Law and Order DepartmentDistrict factory farm DepartmentDistrict Finance DepartmentDistrict Development DepartmentDistrict Transportation DepartmentDistrict Infrastructure DepartmentDistrict telecommunications DepartmentDistrict Human Right Department police lieutenant District Offi cersReligious DepartmentElection Commission DepartmentNADRA DepartmentTehsil Municipal Administration DepartmentWapda DepartmentIndustrial DepartmentDistrict Fishers DepartmentDistrict Forest Department (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankana_Sahib_DistrictClans_settled_in_District_Nankana, 2011)Demography and LanguageAccording to the 1998 census of Pakistan Punjabi is utter by 98% population of the city. Shahmukhi script is mostly used by natives but Nankana Sahib is one of few cities of Pakistan where the Gurmukhi dialect is similarly understood by the locals. The Punjabi dialects spoken in the district areMajhi dialect which is spoken by the mass of district.Malwi dialect spoken by the migrated people from India Punjab.Urdu is also used and spoken as national language in the offices and education centers and English is also spoken and understood by educated people.According to Punjab Development Statistics 2008, total population of Nankana Sahib District is 1,466 paces persons o ut of which 762 atomic number 19s are males and 704 thousands are females. Density of population in the district is 539 persons per square Kilometer.Muslims are in greater in population size 97% of population is Muslim and only 3% are Sikhs.Tehsil wise rustic and urban population is effrontery in the tableTOWN-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN RURAL POPULATION NAME OF TOWNPOPULATION (THOUSAND PERSON)URBANRURAL countNankana Sahib79705784Safdarabad54210264Sangla Hill58138196Shahkot45177222Total23612301466 cum Punjab Development Statistics 2008. (Awan, 2009)Infra-structural facilitiesCommunication networkA) Road links.The city has 1289.84 kilometers metaled roads in length. there has been varied plans of construction and development in the city regarding roads for connecting it with big cities like Lahore, Sheikhupura, and Faisalabad through metal roads. For this purpose the government of Punjab is completing an tack together at Khangah Dogra on M-2 motor way which is connecting Lahore with Islamabad and is almost 5kms away from city Nankana. This project will help in development of newly formed district. This interchange will also give access to the Grand Trunk Road which is leading towards Indian Punjab from Wagah Border. A Nankana Sahib-Amritsar bus was initiated by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh of India for Sikhs.B) track linkage.There are three major Rail heads in the district, including Nankana Sahib, Safdarabad, and Sangla Hill. Through these linkages the city has been connected to Lahore and Faisalabad districts. A train from Amritsar India via Wagah Border Lahore also came to Nankana city.Power turn in stationThere are 9 grid stations in the district varying in capacity between 66 KV to 132 KV.Telecommunication exchanges The district has 30 telephone exchanges operating with varying capacity from 50 lines to 7822 lines. Mobile phone services of different networks are also available.Social infrastructural Facilities in the DistrictSOCIAL INFRA-STRUCTURAL FACILITIES TEHSILPRIMARY/MIDDLE/ HIGH SCHOOLCOLLEGEHOSPITALPOLICE STATIONRAILWY STATIONSPOST OFFICEBANKSNankana Sahib7323173833Safdarabad2100024210Sangla Hill129202429Shahkot1452020313Total12167113111565The following table is showing the details of social facilities in the district on Tehsil levelSource Punjab Development Statistics 2008 / Respective District Offices. (Awan, 2009)Natural resourcesAgricultureMain crops. Rice, sugarcane, and wheat are the important crops cultivated in the district. The production of crops between years 2005-06 to 2007-08 are given in the table below employment OF MAIN CROPS(2005-06 to 2007-08)CropsPRODUCTION (M.TONS)2005-062006-072007-08Sugarcane667850941Wheat414411451Rice173164180Source Directorate of Agriculture, Crop Reporting Service, Punjab. (Awan, 2009)Besides, Maize, Bajra, Cotton, Mash, Mong, Jawar, Masoor, Oil seeds such as Mustard, Sun flush are also grown in minor quantities in the district.Main fruitsGuava and Citrus are the main fruits grown in the district which are cultivated there production during the period of 2005-06 to 2007-08 is given below in the following table Production of Main Fruits (2005-06 to 2007-08)Fruits Production (M.TONS)2005-062006-072007-08Guava242983364429527Citrus16285104009443Source Directorate of Agriculture, Crop Reporting Service, Punjab. (Awan, 2009)Besides other fruits including Mango, Banana, Litchi, Jaman and Phalsa are also grown in minor quantities in the district.VegetablesCarrot, cauliflower, Potatoes, and Onion are main vegetables grown in the district their production during the years 2005-06 to 2007-08 is shown in the table given belowProduction of Main Vegetables (2005-06 to 2007-08)VEGETABLE Production (M.TONS)2005-062006-072007-08Potatoes205936182896Carrot10558985410311Cauliflower218591760217553Onion141091421813222Source Directorate of Agriculture, Crop Reporting Service, Punjab. (Awan, 2009)Besides Turnip, Peas, Tomato, Chilies and Garlic are also cultivated in the dist rict in minor quantities.Forests rough 1.3 % of the total area of the district is under forests, which is an area of 1068.16 Hectares. There is also plantation of 955 Kilometers of tress in linear pattern alongside the roads/ cart track/canals in the district. Kau, Phalai, Kikar and Shisham are types of trees grown in the district.LivestockAnimal population.The main animals which are in the district are Goats, Sheep, Cattle, and Buffalos and their population is shown in the table given below, Animal populationANIMAL POPULATION ANIMALPOPULATION (Thousand HEADS)Goats256Cattle130Sheep39Buffaloes401Source Punjab Development Statistics 2008. (Awan, 2009)Poultry populationAccording to Punjab Development Statistics 2008 there 62 layer and 386 Broiler poultry farms in the district having capacity of 229 thousands and 9653 bird respectively. There are also 4 breeding farms having capacity of 510 thousand birds.Available Hides/Skins from Slaughter housesIn year 2006-07 animals which were slau ghtered in the recognized or un-recognized slaughter houses are 51000 animals which is sound estimate of availability of hides and skins in the district as per 2008 Punjab Development Statistics.The availability of slaughter house by products is estimated as under-Blood 17.65 M.TONSBones 86.10 M.TONSTallow 17.91 M.TONSWool productionThe total population of sheep is 39 thousand heads in the district from which approximately 39 M.TONS rough wool is produced annually.Literature reviewIntroductionOne of the most important and touchy issues of our time is custom of energy resources. Energy provisions are compulsory to improve the infrastructure, transport, roads, industry, and construction of buildings to quicken the development of country. Pakistan is meeting severe challenge of energy deficit referable to enormous increase in demand, growth of industrial zones, increment in population growth rate, poor organization of energy resources, deficient plans, devoid in implementation of po licies regarding energy. (Munir, 2006)Researches in pastIn past work has been done on solar panels in fields of remote sensing and GIS in different parts of world. A few of them are discussed over here,A research on the topic Satellite remote sensing for identification of solar strength sites in Pakistan has been made. The study area is located at between longitude 62 and 75 degree east and latitude 24 and 37 degree north. tangible and methods satellite images were used in this study to identify the solar potential sites in Pakistan. Satellite info of NOAA was used which has focus on conditions of oceans and the atmosphere data which was free available on their website. Images from year 2005-2009 were selected of months including June, July and August these months were selected because these are monsoon months with maximum cloud cover. Precipitation data of following months having been collected from Meteorological department Pakistan.selective information interpretation and anal ysisENVI and GIS are the main software packages that are employed for this satellite imagery analysis.Data ProcessingGeo referencingEnhancementSelection of area of enliven for classification (ROI)Supervised Classification (maximum likelihood method)Subset (Using Pakistan Boundaries)Vector comparisonComposite (Monthly Maps)Data analysisIn order to find out least light area, UNOIN operation has been performed which was most appropriate for combing cloud cover vector layers of different years and resultant vector layer shows the area with and without cloud cover. last(a) step involve to overlay the Pakistan district vector layer on each UNION layer, which provides location of least cloudless district in Pakistan.Results and inferenceThe results indicated that Dera Ghazi Khan and Multan have maximum potential for solar sites in whole Pakistan. While Quetta is selected to be a city receiving maximum solar radioactivity. Cholistan desert has been kinda favorable for solar energy har vesting. In spite of having a huge potential of energy resources, Pakistan still remains an energy scarce country and has to heavy depend on imports to fulfill its energy demands. (Ahmad, Aziz, Wahid, Basir, 2013)A research on the topic A Simple Solar Radiation Index for Wildlife Habitat Studies has also been made.Study AreaThey illustrated the use of SRI (solar radioactivity index) is an example application in which they examed for niche separation among bighorn sheep, elk, and mule deer during winter along a single environmental axis. The Gardiner Basin area of northern Yellowstone winter range (NYWR) USA. Houston and Despain gave the detailed description of area. The elevations in the area ranged about 1500m to 3350m.MethodsSolar shaft Index is derived by them by using the general equation for hourly extraterrestrial radiation striking an arbitrarily oriented surface.Relationship to Hill smellCiarniello et al. (2005) calculated hill shade values using a digital elevation mo del DEM and ArcGIS 8.3 version used those values as surrogate for solar radiation. The hillshade index was difficult to evaluate because algorithm for calculating hillshade is not given.Ungulate Niche SeparationThey calculated slope and aspect from 30 m DEM and indomitable the density of use by bighorn sheep, elk, and mule deer from radio telemetry data gathered in previous studies.Results and discussionsIn both comparison of kin to hillshade with different values of azimuth and elevation they observe inexplicable behavior in values of hillshade. For all species examined winter use was concentrated in locations receiving relatively high levels of solar radiation. They found no difference in allocation of winter use by bighorn sheep and elk with respect to solar radiation. Our SRI is intentional to enhance wildlife habitat models containing a solar radiation component by reducing noise improving interpretability and minimizing the number of model covariates. Ultimately this promo tes greater disposition of the determinants of wild life habitat relationships and in turn improved decision making by wildlife managers. (Vore, Ibry, Keating, Gogan, 2007)Work regarding solar radiation calculations has also been made on the following topic The Calculation of Solar and Net Radiation in Mountain Terrain,There is at present a need for reliable data on fluxes of solar and net radiation in hilly terrain. This paper develops a model which uses cloud temperature data to obtain above radiation fluxes in a mesoscale mountainous environment at Risdon Tasmania.The model was tested against climatological measurements of solar radiation in a horizontal area and was found to be satisfactory. Extending the test into a mountainous terrain is not practicable since measurements of solar and net radiations in such environment would be disturbed by the high forest and plant cover. The model essential be viewed as an estimation of the solar and net radiation input into the vegetat ion-soil system.Diffuse solar radiation is an important component of solar radiation flux in this cloudy and temperate marine climate. Due to its isotropic nature diffuse solar radiation minimizes spatial differences in solar and net radiation response. Considerable interception of direct solar radiation occurs in winter time and therefore differences in solar and net radiation receipt are highest then. In winter time north facing slopes will receive the highest radiation while south facing slopes are largely in shadow and receive mostly diffuse solar radiation.ConclusionThis paper has indicated a method for estimating incident direct, diffuse and net radiation in mountainous terrains. The model has performed adequately when tested against climatological estimates of direct and diffuse solar radiation on a horizontal surface. The results leave open several paths of research. Transmission of radiation through the vegetation canopy could be studied in this mesoscale terrain. Also impo rtant are the implications of these results to the meso-scale water balance. Pan evaporation correlates well with net radiation (Kirkpatrick Nunez, 1980) which implies that approximate microscale water budgets could be obtained in the study area if the assumption is made that precipitation is constant. In summary, it is felt that the study of the incident radiation must represent a first step in under-standing the energy exchanges between the surface and the atmosphere in this complex environment. (Nunez, 1980)Research has also been done regarding solar radiation calculation on the topic named as Modeling a Solar Radiation Topoclimatology for the Rio Grande River Basin.

Kurt Cobain & Jim Morrison - Poets Of A Generation :: essays research papers

Kurt Cobain and Jim Morrison were more than leads of great bands. They were heros of their generations. They had so many talents and for each one influenced a multitude of people. Aside from being singers and vocal writers Kurt was similarly a musician, guitarist and mass-media phenomenon, and Jim was also a poet, film maker and writer. Their groups also had about a twenty year span in amongst them. Even though it seems you could not compare them you actually can. Unlike fictional writers their material comes more from their life experiences and feelings. Even though it was different things that affected each one you can still see a pattern of similarity between their lives. They both experienced hardships in their lives and also a few unanticipated turns. at that place was a massive amount of stress put on their lives because not only did they have to worry about what they wrote but also what they said. spanking performances were constantly being taped, there were interviews and television shows and specials, newspaper and magazine articles, and also public appearances. To them this also had to become a form of artistry. The publicity and fame that comes to band is far greater than any that would come to just one single writer. This was also a factor in their writings and maybe even in their tragical deaths. Influences for their writings came throughout there whole lives. Even as far back as childhood. Kurt was very damaged from his parents divorce. He once said "I had a really good childhood up until I was nine, then a classic case of divorce really affected me."(www.downer.com quotes) He also confesses " I used to try to make my head explode by holding my breath, thinking that if I blew up my head, theyd mom and dad be sorry."(www.downer.com quotes) In a call "Serve the Servants" from In Utero he talks about this by saying " I just want you to know that I/ Dont hate you anymore/ There is nothing I could say/ That I haven t said before/ Serve the servants-oh no/ That legendary divorce is such a bore" As for Jim, he grew up in a military family. His father was in the navy. They were constantly moving and Jims dad was frequently not home. Jim seemed to grow a lack of delight in for his family and authority. In an early fact sheet Jim claimed his family to be dead.

Shakespeares Macbeth was a Tragic Hero :: Free Macbeth Essays

Macbeth was a Tragic Hero       Macbeth exhi endorsements most, if not all, of the classic traits of a Shakespearean tragic hero almost flawlessly. From his rise to greatness to his ultimate oddment and death, he is most certainly a tragic hero.   At the beginning of the play, Macbeth is a thane--a high-ranking vassal to the king, much like a duke. Macbeth is also an eccentric general. Macbeth meets three witches after his victory in a great battle. The witches already know his weakest point and act upon it. Their prophecies rap into his pride he becomes their overly-determined puppet. Ultimately, Hecates last(a) language in scene III.5 show us the true intent of the witches   He shall spurn fate, scorn death, and bear His hopes bove, wisdom, grace, and fear And you all know security Is mortals chiefest enemy (3.5.30-33).   These lines give us a give us a glimpse at the witches intent. Hecates words also tell us a little bit about Macbeth and his pride.   Although many have argued that Macbeths flaw was over-ambition, this author would have to disagree. Macbeths pride ultimately was what killed him. His pride was what brought him to power as the witches prophesied. It fed his determination, and finally, in Act V, Macbeths final lines show this pride in full-blook at its ugliest   I will not yield, To kiss the ground before young Malcolms feet, And to be baited with the rabbles cause. Though Birnam Wood be came to Dunisane, And thou opposed, being no woman born, Yet I will try the last. Before my body I throw my warlike shield. Lay on, Macduff And blasted be him that first cries Hold, enough (5.8.28-34).   If Macbeth had had less pride, he would likely have acted much differently. For one, he would have been more discerning of the witches and much less uncoerced to believe the prophecies of his death. Macbeth has victories in many battles. His victories surely fill him with pride. His captain tells King Duncan of his victory in the following lines   As the sparrows eagles, or the hair the lion. If I rank sooth, I must report they were As canons overcharged with double cracks So they doubly redoubled strokes upon the foe (1.